CHALLENGE Create an annotated diagram based on Stouffer's model of intervening opportunities to identify factors affecting internal migration in China. On the following three pages, you will see mixed up text boxes, pictures and symbols for “Origin”, “Intervening Obstacles” and “Destination”. You need to move the the symbols ( +, - or 0) to match the the text boxes. e.g needs a – sign beside it to show this is a disadvantage You should then print each slide and put the three pages together to form an annotated diagram that applies Stouffer’s model to migration in China. Try to add more detailed and specific information from your own research on China. You may also want to add more pictures to illustrate the points. Few well paid jobs in rural areas

Origin Anyuan village in Gansu, north-west China, has little to offer its residents; no wealth, not even a reliable water supply. Few well paid jobs in rural areas Wife is left to take care of farm and two children. Their son is at boarding school, daughter has lessons around the corner. Even though there are few opportunities, it is still home. Despite rural – urban migration and demand for industrial labour, agriculture is still the largest employer of 330 million. Younger people move leaving an ageing population in some rural areas. Most people in China are rural dwellers. Before the rural reforms of the 1980s most people relied on subsistence agriculture with a very low standard of living. 40% of rural labourers were underemployed and over the last 25 years have needed to be redeployed.

Intervening Obstacles “The street to the station is barricaded, with hundreds of soldiers and police stewarding travellers from one choke point to the next.” Cost of transport Distance need to travel “The crush has now eased around the station, with extra police and soldiers drafted in to control the flow after the death of a woman trampled as travellers rushed for a train at the weekend.” Safety of transport Rural Hukou Millions make the journey from the countryside to the cities every year.

Destination Temporary hukou sets the migrant population apart and has increased inequality of access to services in cities. She had laboured for years in a wool factory, paying her daughter's way through school and then university. Now the new graduate had promised to support her mother in turn Because of their semi-permanent residential status, many women return to their rural homes to marry and have their (one) child It is a price worth paying if kids get a good education, a good job and therefore will support their parents later on in life. Most migrants head for eastern seaboard cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Shanghai, Changjiang and the Zhujiang delta. There is also growth in provincial capitals. Wages are good but it means sacrifice misses kids Work really hard to improve family life Migrant labourer working away from home, not a good life but has no choice, can earn 4 times here what he can in the countryside. Since the 1990s, demand for unskilled and semi-skilled labour in cities has led to rural migrants being given a temporary urban hukou which enables them to have access to some housing and basic welfare in cities. Some workers only get home to see families once or twice a year. Some men live apart from wives for many years.