A PRESENTATION BY HAMMAJODA MARYAM MUHAMMAD  

RECENT ADVANCEMENT AND APPLICATION OF TOUCHSCREEN

INTRODUCTION One goal of human-computer interaction research is to reduce the demand on users when using the computer. These can be done by reducing the perceptual and cognitive resource required to understand the interface, the introduction of alternative input devices, such as the mouse and joystick, significantly improve some user interface. The touch screen combines the advantages of these other with a very direct method of inputting information. Users simply point at the item or action of interest and it is selected. Many inputs devices allow interfaces to be customized, increased directness distinguishes touchscreens. Touchscreens are very easy to learn and use. Is fast and result in low error rates when interfaces are designed carefully. Many actions that are very difficult to use mouse, joystick and keyboard are simple when using a touch screen. Touch screen have long been thought of as being simple to use. Unfortunately they have a reputation as being practical only for selecting large targets as been error phone.

CONTINUATION Recent empirical research, well as advances in touch screen hardware, have dramatically improved the performance of touch screen and the range of application for which they can be advantageously used. Even with these advances, today most touchscreen application emphasis the metaphor of ‘button’ bring pressed on the screen. Task such as dragging an object on the screen, moving the markets on a slider, or free hand drawing are rarely attempted with touch screen, but we believe that touch screen can excel in such cases.

BRIEF HISTORY OF TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY A few decades ago, touchscreen technology could only be found in science fiction books and film. These days it is almost unfathomable how we once got through our daily tasks without a trusty tablet or smartphones nearby, but it doesn’t stop there. Touchsscreens really are everywhere. Homes, cars, restaurants, shopping malls, pos, planes wherever they fill our lives in space public and private. Touchscreen is dated back to 1940s, there’s plenty of evidence that suggests touchscreens weren’t feasible until at least 19955. Popular science fiction television shows like star trek didn’t even refer to the technology until star trek: the next generation debuted in 1987, almost two decades after decades after touch

CONTIUATION screen technology was even deemed possible. But their inclusion in the series paralleled the advancements in the technology into their own homes. Historians generally consider the first finger-driven touch screen to have been invented by E.A Johnson in 1965 at the Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern, United Kingdom. Johnson originally described his work in an article"Touch display- a novel input/output device for computers” published in electronics letters. The piece featured a diagram describing a type of touchscreen mechanism that many smartphones use today – what we now know as capacitive touch. Two years later, Johnson further expounded on the technology on the technology with photographs and diagrams in ‘touch displays; a programmed man-machine interface, published in ergronomic in 1967.

CONTINUATION A capacitive touch screen panel uses an insulator, like glass, that is coated with a transparent conductor such as indium tin oxide (ITO). The ‘conductive’part is usually a human finger, which makes for a fine electrical conduct. Johnson’s intial technology could only process one touch at a time, and what we’d describe today as "multiple" was still somewhat a ways away. The invention was also binary in its interpretation of touch- the interface registered contact or it didn’t register contact. Pressure sensitive would arrive much later. Even without the extra features, the early touch interface idea had some takers. Johnson ‘s discovery was eventually adopted by air traffic controllers in Uk and remained use until the late 1990s.  

CONTINUATION Although capacitive touch screens were designed first, they were eclipsed in the years of touch by resistive touchscreens. American inventor Dr G.samuel Hurst developed resistive touch screens almost accidentally. Hurst and the research team had been working at the university Kentucky. The university tried to file a patent on his behalf to protect this accidental invention from duplication , but its scientific origins made it seem like it wasn’t that applicable outside the laboratory.

Hurst, however had other ideas, after his return to work at Oak Ridge National laboratory, Hurst began an after hours experiment. In his basement, Hurst and nine friends from various other areas of expertise set out to refine what had been accidentally invented. The group called its fledgling venture ‟Elographics”, and the team discovered that a touch screen needed was a conductive cover sheet to make contact with the sheet that contained the X- and Y- axis. Pressure on the cover sheet allowed voltage to flow between the X wires and Y wires, which could be measured to indicate coordinates. This discovery helped found what we today refer to as resistive touch technology (because it responds purely to pressure rather than electrical conductivity, working with both a stylus and a finger).

CONTINUATION As a class of technology , resistive touch screens tend to be very affordable to produce. Most devices and machines using this touch technology can be found in restaurants, factories, hospitals because they are durable enough for these environment. Smartphone manufacturers have also used resistive touch screens in the past, though their presence in the mobile space today tends to be confined to lower-end phones. By 1971, a number of different touch- capable machines has been introduced, though none where pressure sensitive. One of the most widely used touch-capable devices at that time was the university of illinois’s PLATO IV terminal- one of the first generalized computer assisted instruction systems. The plato iv eschewed capacitive or resistive touch in favor of an infrared system. PLATO IV was the first touch screen computer to be used in a classroom that allowed students to touch the screens to answer questions. As a class of technology , resistive touch screens tend to be very affordable to produce. Most devices and machines using this touch technology can be found in restaurants, factories, hospitals because they are durable enough for these environment. Smartphone manufacturers have also used resistive touch screens in the past, though their presence in the mobile space today tends to be confined to lower-end phones.

2000 AND BEYOND With so many different technologies accumulating in the previous decades, the 2000s were the time for touch screen technologies to really flourish. There were advancements during this decade that helped bring multi touch and gesture-based technology to the masses. The 2000s were also era when touch screen became the favorite tool for design collaboration. As the new millennium approached, companies were pouring more resource into intergrating touch screen technology. In 2002, sony introduced a flat input surface that could recognize multiple hand positions and touch points at the same time. The company called it smart skin. The technology worked by calculating the distance between the hand and the surface with capacitive sensing and a mesh- shaped antenna.

TOUCH TODAY AND TOMORROW It can’t be understated each of these technologies had a monumental impact on the gadgets we use today. Everything from smart phones to laptop trackpads and WACOM tablets can be somehow connected to the many inventions, discoveries and patents in the history of touch screen technology. Building on 15 years of touch innovation, atmel and maxtouch technology delivers next generation controller capabilities for touch screen application. This include both superior performance and low power consumption. It enables touch interface that identify and qualify and track users contact with an exceptional precision and sensitivity with maxtouch unlimited, users enjoy a sophisticated interface that is smart enough to ignore unintended touches. All of this enables peerless touch interface that intuitive, flexible, reliable and battery friendly.  

KEY FEATURES OF TOUCH SCREEN Unlimited touch. Passive stylus. Active stylus. Ski glove. Hover Fast response. Exacting precision. Low power consumption. Small footprint. Robust operation  

ADVANTAGES OF TOUCH SCREEN Touchscreen devices have limited buttons that will be possibly break after 3-4 years. Touchscreen devices usually have more simpler user interfaces ex-ipod apps. Have less or no button means that you can put effort in to having a big screen. For some people who are worried about hygiene, most devices are easy to clean. For people who are new in using normal desktops, touchscreen are easy to use helping more people get used to using computers.  

DISADVANTAGES OF TOUCH SCREEN They usually cost more than ordinary devices. You have to be with in arms reach of device. The screen will get dirty sometimes. The screen have to be big enough to be able to touch the button with out missing it. Have a big bright screen and needing massive computing power to run this means a very low battery life. In direct sunlight it is much less efficient and most of the time very difficult to read the screen.

CONCLUSION Touchscreens have become the norm in many smartphones and tablets, and user demand for simplicity of navigation is now making touchscreens increasingly common in laptops and all-in one desktop PCs. Although there are now many different technologies available for incorporating touch and display functions into touchscreens, the use of an in-cell display with touch and display driver intergration is quickly becoming the preferred choice for new devices in the mainstream mobile market.

REFERENCE http://arstechinca.com/gadgets/2013/04 www.synaptic.com/.../507-000167-01

1990s; TOUCH SCREEN FOR EVERYONE In 1993, IBM and Bellsouth teamed up to launch the Simon Personal Communicator, with touch screen technology. It featured paging capabilities, an email and calendar application, an appointment schedule, an address book, a calendar and a pen-based sketchpad. It also had a resistive touchscreen that required the use of a stylus to navigate through menus and to input data. Apple also launched a touch screen PDA. The message pad was the first in the series of devices from apple to use platform. Three years later palm computing followed suit with its own PDA, dubbed the pilot. It was the first of the company’s many generations of personal digital assistants. Like the other touch screen gadgets that preceded it, the palm 1000 and 5000 required the use of a stylus.