Classification

Classification What is Classification? Grouping things in a logical manor where similar things are grouped together. Where do you see classification in your own life? Ex. Music- Genre, Artist, Album, Song

Why Classify? Scientists need an effective system to study and name the nearly 1.9 million known species. (~8.7 million species believed to exist on Earth!) To insure that all scientists know what species is being talked about. What is this? Panther Mountain Lion Cougar Puma concolor

Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of classifying and giving a scientific name to living organisms. Binomial Nomenclature Two name system for naming species. Consists of Genus name and species name, usually of Latin or Greek origin. Written in Italics with the Genus always capitalized and the species always lowercase. Ex. Canis familiaris

Taxonomy This system was created by Carl Linnaeus or Carolus linnaeus Seven taxonomic levels each called a taxon. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghet ti

Eukarya (has a nucleus within its cells) Classification of Ursus arctos Domain Eukarya (has a nucleus within its cells) What level of classification is broader than kingdom? Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae Species name is most specific! GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos

Chapter 9 Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals Which can be Protists Fungi Plants Animals

Traditional Classification What were early classifications based on? (Think of your leaves) Similarities in Physical Appearance Size Shape Texture Features- limbs, spinal chord, skeleton, etc. Known as Traditional Classification.

Traditional Classification Why would thins not be the most accurate method of classification? Convergent Evolution When organisms that are not closely related, evolve similar traits or characteristics in response to similar environments.

Traditional Classification

Cladistic Analysis Focuses on the order in which derived characteristics appeared. Cladogram- diagram that depict the relationships between different groups of taxa.

Cladistic Analysis Barnacles, Limpets, and Crabs Which do you think are closer related?

Evolutionary Classification Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history in DNA. All organisms use DNA and RNA to pass on genetic information. Similar genes are evidence of common ancestry.

Evolutionary Classification African Vulture American Vulture Stork

Kingdoms Originally there were only two kingdoms Today there are six kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Organisms What do you know about prokaryotic organisms? No nucleus No organelles Unicellular Contain free floating DNA Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Eukaryotic Organisms What do you know about eukaryotic organisms? Have a nucleus Contain organelles Unicellular or Multicellular Contain DNA in the nucleus Kingdoms: Protists Fungi Plants Animals

DNA Nucleus with DNA

Archaebacteria What are some characteristics of archaebacteria? Prokaryote Have a cell walls which do not contain peptidoglycan and some use flagella for movement Unicellular Autotrophic or heterotrophic Asexual Example : Methanogens and Halophiles Live in very extreme environments Only recently recognized as a separate bacteria kingdom Can be helpful & harmful

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria What are some characteristics of eubacteria? Prokaryote Have cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan and some use flagella for movement Unicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Asexual Example: E-coli & Streptococcus Can be helpful & harmful Largest of the two bacteria kingdoms & can live almost anywhere

Eubacteria

Protista Eukaryote Nucleus and many other organelles Most unicellular or some multicellular Autotrophs or heterotrophs Most reproduce asexually, some sexually Example: Paramecium, Amoeba, Algae Very diverse kingdom The “Junk Drawer”

Protista

Fungi Eukaryote Nucleus and many organelles; cell walls of chitin Multicellular (except yeast) All Heterotrophs– they get their nutrients form dead matter. Can reproduce asexually with spores or sexually Examples: Mushrooms, Mold, Lichens Important decomposers Nature’s Recyclers

Fungi

Plantae Eukaryote Nucleus and many organelles, cell walls of cellulose All Multicellular All are Photosynthetic Autotrophs Reproduce sexually with pollen or asexually Example: Trees, Grass, Ferns Oxygen producers

Plantae

Animalia Eukaryote Nucleus and many organelles, do not have cell walls All Multicellular All Heterotrophs Reproduce sexually or asexually Examples: Insects, Fish, Humans

Animalia