Protest and Stagnation: Chapter 29 Protest and Stagnation: The Western World, 1965–1985

A Culture of Protest A Revolt in Sexual Mores Homosexuality (more open) Free Love (multiple partners ) Pornography (literature & film) Youth Protest and Student Revolt Drug experimentation (Pot, LSD, etc.) Antiwar Protests Vietnam (burning draft cards, fleeing to Canada, etc.)

Images of Everyday Life: Youth Culture in the 1960s. p. 922

Images of Everyday Life: Youth Culture in the 1960s. p. 922

Images of Everyday Life: Youth Culture in the 1960s. p. 922

Stagnation in the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) Brezhnev Doctrine – right to intervene if socialism threatened Access to Western styles of dress, music, and art Emphasis on heavy industry Overall, industrial growth declined Impact of central economic planning Agricultural problems Bad harvests in mid-1970s Unwilling to tamper with the party leadership and state bureaucracy Serious internal problems

Chronology, p. 927

Conformity in Eastern Europe Poland Edward Gierek, 1971, Economic problems Solidarity Lech Walesa (b. 1943) Hungary Jano Kadar in power for more than 30 years Moves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises Czechoslovakia Communist government collapsed in 1989 Vaclav Havel was in control of the government Alexander Dubcek Gustav Husa´k All changes were put down by the Soviet Union.

Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968. The attempt of Alexander Dubček, the new first secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, to liberalize Communist rule in that country failed when Soviet troops invaded and crushed the reform movement. This photograph, taken on August 21, shows young Czechs standing on an overturned truck and bravely holding Czechoslovakian flags while other Prague residents surround a Soviet tank carrying wary Soviet troops. p. 927

Repression in East Germany and Romania Walter Ulbricht Erich Honecker Stasi (secret police) Romania Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena Ruled Romania with an iron grip Securitate (secret police)

Western Europe: The Winds of Change Economic recessions, mid-1970’s and early 1980’s Increase in the price of oil Integration of economies –European Economic Community Treaty on European Union European Community became the European Union, 1994 Euro, 2001

Chronology, p. 931

Germany Restored Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974 Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east” Treaty with East Germany, 1972 Helmut Schmide (b. 1918) Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions Helmut Kohl (b. 1930) Problems of union

Great Britain: Thatcher then Blair Thatcherism Problems of Northern Ireland Direct rule from London, 1972 Conservatives gain political power, 1979 Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925) Broke power of the labor unions Limited welfare reforms Education cut backs Austerity to control inflation Hard line toward communism Rebuilds the military Falkland Islands

Margaret Thatcher. Great Britain’s first female prime minister, Margaret Thatcher was a strong leader who dominated British politics in the 1980s. Thatcher is shown here shaking hands with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1984. p. 929

Uncertainties in France and Italy François Mitterrand (1916-1995) , 1981-1995 Economic difficulties Socialistic policies Economic weaknesses of the 1990s Confusion in Italy Giulio Andreotti Eurocommunism 1970s, Italy had severe economic recession Aldo Moro Red Brigade

Southeast Asia(Domino Theory) The Vietnam War

The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968 Ends Vietnam war, 1973 Watergate scandal Resignation, August 9, 1974 Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980 Stagflation – high inflation and unemployment Oil embargo, 1973 53 hostages held by Iran Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989 Reverses the welfare state Military buildup Supply-side economics

General Turgidson (George C. Scott) with the president (Peter Sellers).

Dr. Strangelove (Peter Sellers).

War in Kosovo War erupted in 1999 Ethnic Albanians Stripped of autonomous status in 1989 Kosovo Liberation Army US and NATO intervene Milosevic refused to sign agreement and NATO resumes air strikes Milosovic ousted from office in fall elections, 2000 Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war crimes against humanity

The Disintegration of Yugoslavia Death of Tito in 1980 League of Communists In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a federal structure Slbodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minorities Slovenia and Croatia declare independence Yugoslavian army sent to attach Croatia Army becoming more and more a Serbian Army 1992 Serbs turn on Bosnia-Herzegovina Ethnic cleansing NATO strikes back

Contemporary Canada Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in 1968 Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984 Quebec René Lévesque Parti Québécois

The Vietnam War President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965 Domino theory If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations inn Asia would fall to communism President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an honorable end “Vietnamization” Begins withdrawing troops but bombs the North Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops By 1975 the U.S. leaves and South Vietnam fall to Communism.

The Vietnam War. p. 934

The Second Vietnam War. Between 1965 and 1973, U.S. troops fought against Vietcong guerrillas and North Vietnamese regular forces until they were finally withdrawn as a result of the Paris Agreement reached in January 1973. Shown here are U.S. troops after a Vietcong attack. The helicopter that is arriving would soon remove the American wounded from the battlefield. p. 934

China and the Cold War Mao Zedong (1893-1976) Victory in 1948 Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 Red Guards Nixon visited China and met with Mao Zedong in 1972

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966, was a massive effort by Mao Zedong and his radical supporters to eliminate rival elements within the Chinese Communist Party and achieve the final stage of communism—a classless society. Shown here in front of a picture of Chairman Mao Zedong is a group of Chinese children in uniform holding Mao’s Little Red Book (a collection of Mao’s thoughts that became a sort of bible for Chinese Communists) during the Cultural Revolution in 1968. p. 935

Towards a New World Order Détente (Nixon- Carter) Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972 Helsinki Agreements, 1975 Human rights becomes an issue with President Carter Negotiates Egypt & Israel peace treaty Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979 U.S. supports the Mujahedeen President Ronald Reagan’s call Soviet Union the “evil empire” Resumes arms race with SDI (star wars) program.

Science and Technology The New World of Science and Technology Military-Industrial Complex German rockets; jets British work in computers J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb Computers Dangers of Science E.F. Schumacher (1911-1977), Small is Beautiful

On the Moon. The first landing on the moon in 1969 was one of the great technological achievements of the twentieth century. This photograph shows astronaut James Irwin shortly after he raised the American flag during a moonwalk in 1971. The lunar module and lunar rover are also visible in the picture. p. 938

The Environment and the Green Movements Problems in the environment Pollution (cities, air, rivers, oceans) Chernobyl, 1986 Global Warming Green Parties

Postmodern Thought Postmodernism (the relative nature of reality and knowledge—no objective truth or universal meaning) Structuralism (language = Knowledge and Culture) Ferdinand de Saussure The signifier and the signified Jacques Derrida Poststructuralism, or deconstruction Culture can be analyzed in many ways Michel Foucault The History of Sexuality Norms are culturally produced and entail some degree of power and struggle

Trends in Art, Literature and Music Postmodern Allen Kaprow land art Robert Venturi Charles Moore Piazzad’Italia Postmodernism in literature Gabriel Garcı´a Ma´ rquez Milan Kundera Music Olivier Messiaen Philip Glass

Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty. Built on an abandoned industrial site, Spiral Jetty disappears and reappears according to the rise and fall of the Great Salt Lake’s water level. As seen in this 2002 photograph, the surface has become encrusted in salt as drought has lowered the lake level. Robert Smithson filmed the construction of Spiral Jetty, carefully noting the various geological formations included in his creation. Earthworks like Spiral Jetty increased in number as the welfare of the world’s ecosystems became a growing concern in the 1960s and 1970s. p. 940

Popular Culture: Image and Globalization Popular music Experimentation in rock and roll Video music, MTV, etc. Growth of Mass Sports Olympic Games World Cup, Super Bowl, etc. Mandatory drug testing Global Culture Marshall McLuhan Mass communication technology Problems are global not just national Culture “Westernized” or “Americanized” at the expense of traditional culture of less developed countries

Charles Moore, Piazza d’Italia. Dedicated to the Italian communities of New Orleans, Piazza d’Italia includes a schematic map of Italy on its pavement. The architect, Charles Moore, combined elements from Italy’s rich cultural past, such as Roman columns and Renaissance Baroque colonnades, with modern materials like neon lighting and stainless steel to create an eclectic Postmodern plaza. p. 941

Timeline, p. 945

Discussion Questions Examine the policies of Brezhnev. Are they old guard communist or a transition between the old Soviet regime and the more modern Soviet state to come? How did Margaret Thatcher shape the position of Great Britain in power structure of world politics What is détente? How did the policies of Nixon influence relations between the West and the communist world? In what ways did President Jimmy Carter demonstrate weakness in international issues?