Public Procurement and Gender in Caribbean Development Bridgetown, Barbados Tuesday 14 June, 2016 By: L. Nana Oye Hesse - Bayne .

Presentation Overview Conceptualizing Gender Gender and the Human Rights Agenda Public Procurement in the context of Government Expenditure Gender Implications of Government Procurement expenditure Why Gender is important – Caribbean experiences Recommendations moving forward

Defining Gender Social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female Relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men. Socially constructed and learnt through socialization processes Borrowing the Definition of Gender and Gender Equality by UN Women, Gender: refers to the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialization processes. They are context/ time-specific and changeable. Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a women or a man in a given context. In most societies there are differences and inequalities between women and men in responsibilities assigned, activities undertaken, access to and control over resources, as well as decision-making opportunities. Gender is part of the broader socio-cultural context. Other important criteria for socio-cultural analysis include class, race, poverty level, ethnic group and age.

Defining Gender Cont’d Context/ time-specific and changeable. Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a women or a man in a given context. Translated to responsibilities assigned, activities undertaken, access to and control over resources, as well as decision-making opportunities

Gender Equality Equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender equality implies that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups of women and men. Gender equality is not a women’s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women

Gender Equality Gender equality implies that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups of women and men. Gender equality is not a women’s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women

Gender = Human Rights Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 2015 Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), The Beijing Platform for Action The OAS/CIM Strategic Plan of Action, 2011-2016 Quito Consensus, 2007 Human Rights Declaration National Constitutions National Gender Policies

Public Procurement and Government Expenditure Government spending accounts for 15 per cent of the GDP of OECD countries and is as high as 30 per cent of GDP in developing countries (UNEP) In the Caribbean region over the last 2-3 years it has ranged between 11% – 20 % of GDP (World Bank)

World Bank data on share of public procurement in GDP for Caribbean Countries Country 2010 2011 2012 Antigua and Barbuda 17 18 Bahamas 15 Barbados 19 20 Belize 16 - Dominica Grenada Guyana 13 Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis 11 10 St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Public Procurement and Government Expenditure In which areas of the economy are Government procurement expenditures concentrated? How are men and women represented in these sectors? and what are the gender issues experienced in the sector

Areas of Frequent Government Expenditure Products Services Infrastructure Air Conditioning Management consultancy services Roads ICTs IT Consultancy services Water and treatment facilities Vehicles Software Airports Indoor Lightening Servers and data centre Ports Outdoor lightening Electricity Railroads and stations Office Supplies Couriers and postal Buildings Fuel Waste management Sewage plants Furniture Food and beverage catering Schools Apparel Landscape Prisons Paper Mobility Power plants Source: Handbook for the Inter-American Network on Government Procurement

Participation in Economic sectors Sex –disaggregated participation in economic sectors of Barbados, Belize, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago 2012 (Belize data available 2005) ECONOMIC SECTOR DOMINANT PARTICIPATION Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Males Mining and Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas and Water Construction Wholesale and Retail Trade and Restaurants and Hotels Females Transport, Storage and Communication Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services Females except Belize Community, Social and Personal Services Source: CARICOM Gender Analysis of the CSME and It’s regional impact

Labour Market Gender gaps in labour force participation have been shrinking globally, in all CARICOM countries the participation of men in the paid labour force continues to exceed that of women (ILO, 2014). Females over-represented in the service sectors, while male participation exceeds women the most productive sectors contributing to GDP, and/or those targeted for growth (Gender and the CSME, 2015)

Entry Points Use of Medium Small and Micro Enterprises as entry points for small business owners to access public procurement opportunities. Trinidad and Tobago National Social Development Programme fund established for state enterprises to receive monies with the specific mandate of targeting MSMEs for the provision of the works and services under pre-determined thresholds. On July 10, 2015 the Jamaica Observer news article “passage of public procurement legislation to benefit MSMEs”

Study on Gender and MSMEs St. Lucia both men and women are making considerable contributions to local economic development in the context of MSMEs. Guyana women’s access to microfinance is constrained by factors deeply rooted in the societal role for women and their general exclusion from business development programmes and services   Source: Federation of Canadian Municipalities – Caribbean Local Economic Development Project (FCM- CARILED)

Study on Gender and MSMEs Trinidad survey results of two main areas Point Fortin and Princess Town. Point Fortin depicted to have 56% male principal business owners, 32% female owners, Princess Town ownership of businesses by men was 52%, 26% females In Jamaica many women operate businesses that are not formally registered and as a result, they are not able to make full use of the opportunities for business growth and expansion. “Own Account” category (representing sole traders), 64.4% are men Source: Federation of Canadian Municipalities – Caribbean Local Economic Development Project (FCM- CARILED)

Way Forward A gender analysis of the sectors that benefit from public procurement is important to determine who has access and is benefiting from the supply chain Taking measures to address gender inequality will enhance productivity economic growth and development Equitable distribution of resources is key to sustainable development

Recommendations Examine how gender inequalities are structuring the public procurement Develop sex disaggregated data to assist in analysis Include gender indicators in monitoring and evaluating public procurement Sensitization on Gender Mainstream gender in public procurement processes.

Thank you nanaoye@ssds-ltd.com