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4:17 Africa We cannot reckon how great the damage is, since the mentioned merchants are taking every day our natives, sons of the land and the sons of our noblemen, and vassals and our relatives, because the theieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this kingdom. –Kongo King alphonso to the king of Portugal (1526)

Songhai Empire Songhai Empire (1464-1591)— replaced Mali Empire along the Niger River united under Sunni Ali, powerful army and navy, trans-Saharan trade Askia Muhammad (1443-1538)— built schools, mosques conquered by Moroccans using European guns

Atlantic Slave Trade Portuguese set up trading posts along African coasts slave raids—African kings captured POWs for European gunpowder and cannons West African Gold Coast kingdoms produced most slaves Kongo, Benin, Whydah, Dahomey, Oyo, Asante POWs, criminals, kidnap victims

Atlantic Slave Trade European explorers considered Africans advantageous for labor Native Americans knew their land (escape), killed by disease European indentured servants not good outdoor laborers

Destination of Enslaved Africans Percentage Portuguese colonies 39% British Caribbean colonies 18% Spanish colonies French colonies 14% British mainland colonies 6% Dutch Caribbean colonies 2% Other 3%

Atlantic Slave Trade High demand for slaves meant African traders could be picky about exchange items barracoons (“slave castles”)—West African holding pens where slaves awaited European ships

Atlantic Slave Trade Middle Passage journey took ~6 weeks up to 25% of slaves died en route rebellions (Amistad, 1839) 8M sent between 1550-1800

Indian Ocean Slave Trade slaves continued to be transported across Indian Ocean trade network 1.5M sent between 1550-1800 mostly women and children worked as concubines, servants, entertainers

African Syncretism in the Colonies creole—mixed European and African language blend religion—Christianity mixed with animism Santeria in Cuba, Voodoo in Haiti, Candomble in Brazil music—syncopated rhythms and percussion Gospel, blues, jazz, hip hop, samba, reggae spirituals as a means of entertainment, communication food—rice, okra, sweet potatoes, gumbo

Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa Country Black Population by Percentage Black Population Total Number United States 13.6% 42 million Brazil 28% 14.5 million Haiti 95% 9.7 million Columbia 21% 9.6 million Dominican Republic 84% 8.4 million France 8% 3.8 million Jamaica 97.4% 2.8 million African diaspora— dispersion of Africans out of Africa most lost their native languages after a generation gender imbalance lack of men increases women’s influence in African society

Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa Country Black Population by Percentage Black Population Total Number United States 13.6% 42 million Brazil 28% 14.5 million Haiti 95% 9.7 million Columbia 21% 9.6 million Dominican Republic 84% 8.4 million France 8% 3.8 million Jamaica 97.4% 2.8 million African kingdoms expand from gunpowder and slave profits dependence on European goods slows innovation new foods from Columbian Exchange  population boom in Africa

Abolition Movement abolition—movement to end slavery inspired by Enlightenment values of freedom and democracy Haiti the first country in the Americas to end slavery Toussaint L’Ouverture—led a rebellion in the French colony in 1804 American Civil War (1861-1865) ended slavery in the US