Cells Anatomy & Physiology

Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE Depends on what they do

Cell Membrane is selectively permeable All Animal Cells have Nucleus Cytoplasm (cytosol) Cell Membrane Cell Membrane is selectively permeable

Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across the membrane

ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions The nucleus is to the cell what the __________is to a person. The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a person. Image:  http://www.chemistrypictures.org

Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes Proteins are exported in vesicles

The “powerhouse” of the cell Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) • process is called Cellular Respiration The “powerhouse” of the cell CRISTAE

Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division Vesicles – packaged substances, exported Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement Cilia & Flagella

Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell) Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus

Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion Animation

Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic SALT SUCKS

Osmosis Animation

Filtration Active Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

Mitosis = nuclear division Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division) The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase IPMAT

The structure of a chromosome Centromere holds two chromatids together

1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) 2. centrioles migrate to the poles 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. nucleolus disappears 5. spindle forms

1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

1. chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles

1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin 2. nuclear membrane reforms 3. nucleoli reappears 4. spindle disappears 5. centrioles duplicate

- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells - organelles are divided - daughter cells are genetically identical Cells return to interphase

DIFFERENTIATION occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows

Meiosis This is the process of producing gametes or sex cells of an organism. The result is 4 daughter cells with half the number of original chromosomes. Just like in the production of other cells, Meiosis starts off in interphase, where it grows and reproduces the cell’s DNA. When it starts to divide it actually has two phases: meiosis I and meiosis II

Prophase I This is very similar to regular prophase. The chromatin tightens up into chromosomes. This is also where crossing over will occur which provides genetic variation. In other words chromosomes trade genes.

Metaphase I Similar to metaphase in mitosis the Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to the centromers.

Anaphase I The chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sides.

Telophase I The cell begins to split into two cells.

Meiosis II After Meiosis I separates the parent cell into two daughter cells, Meiosis II begins. This will split the two cells into four cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

Prophase II No DNA is replicated. The nuclear envelope disappears again and the centrioles migrate back to the equator of the cell.

Metaphase II Again the chromosomes line up at the center and spindle fibers attach to the centrosomes.

Anaphase II The chromatids are pulled apart and towards opposite sides of the cells.

Telophase II The two cells start to completely split into four cells total.

In women this process is referred to as oogenisis which means egg production. Even though four cells are produced on one of the four is an egg. The other three are polar bodies; these are smaller and frequently die, but sometimes can go on to act in reproduction. In men this process is referred to as spermogenisis which is the production of sperm. All four cell produced act as sperm.

Name the phases starting at the top.

Name the phase Identify X Identify Y

5. Name the phase

6. Name the structure

Name the structure What is its function?

10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions? 9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag      A                     B                   C                   D                    E 10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?