Biomass conversion technologies and LCA implementation 15-04-2018 Biomass conversion technologies and LCA implementation Davide Tonini, Brian Vad Mathiesen and Thomas Astrup CEESA meeting, Ålborg, 25-01-2010

15-04-2018 Outline Energy analysis of conversion technologies for biomass and waste – overview Focus on efficiency of gasification technologies Future work: LCA implementation

Conversion technologies 15-04-2018 Conversion technologies Primary biomass is converted to energy carriers (syngas, biogas, biofuels) and byproducts Efficiencies and energy losses Byproducts can be utilized for energy or soil amelioration

Anaerobic digestion Crucial parameter for biogas yield: 15-04-2018 Anaerobic digestion Crucial parameter for biogas yield: VS content of substrate Ash content of substrate T and retention time (psicrophilic, mesophilic, thermophilic) Availability of substrate (size of material, hydrolisis etc.) Yield -----> Nm3/tonne FM LHV biogas = 18-24 MJ/Nm3

Thermal gasification Sub-stoichiometric thermal treatment of a fuel 15-04-2018 Thermal gasification Sub-stoichiometric thermal treatment of a fuel Gasification agent: Air (direct gasification) Steam (indirect gasification) Indicated for material with low ash content and high sintering point (slagging problems) Main energy parameter: Cold gas efficiency ----> energy transferred from biomass to syngas LHV syngas = 4 - 8 MJ/Nm3

Biomass fate in CEESA and IDAs 15-04-2018 Biomass fate in CEESA and IDAs Potential technology Energy carrier Carrier energy required in IDA 2050 (PJ)1 Biomass required in IDA 2050 (PJ)[1] BAU-Biomass potential in CEESA (PJ) Carrier energy potential in CEESA (PJ)1 Biofuel to transport methane anaerobic digest. 5.7 18.4 bio jet-fuel - jetfuel 33.4 ? biodiesel transesterification 29.1 61.8 3.4 1.6 Individual heating small boilers gas 3.1 3.8 Industry (1)[2] gas turbines 60[3] 73.2 46.5 Industry (2) steam turbine-cogen. biomass 13.5 District heating plants large boilers 6.5 7.9 Decentralized CHP gasif.-SOFC-dec. 28.7 85.8 Centralized CHP gasif.-SOFC-cen. 41.7 Waste incineration incineration waste 44.4 47 Total 251 194.3 [1] According to IDAs Klimaplan (Table 21, page 90, Baggrundsrapport). When referring to gas as carrier, the amount of biomass is recalculated based on typical efficiencies of the process considered (i.e. rapeseed to RME) [2] It is assumed that the energy required by industries is met both by gas and direct biomass combustion (mainly byproducts from biofuels production) [3] Compared to IDAs Klimaplan the energy demand for the industry sector is decreased from 80 to 60 PJ

Conversion technologies - overview 15-04-2018 Conversion technologies - overview Biomass potential Potential conversion technologies Main byproducts generated Biomass PJ tonne LHV (GJ/t) Biofuels Gasif. AD Comb. Selected Byproduct 1 amount (PJ) Byproduct 2 amount (t) rapeseed 3.4 123,690 27.5 X   to RME rape meal 1.2 K2SO4 802 willow 0.5 33,784 14.8 gasification char grass 6.8 453,333 15.0 Anaer. Dig. fibers 4.5 proteins 68,000 straw 65 4,482,759 14.5 tar beet top 0.2 98,039 2.0 digestate animal manure 27 5,400,000 5.0 liq. Fract. (t) 1,791,375 fiber fraction 2 147,438 13.6 mill residues 0.9 45,455 19.8 beet pulp 1.7 328,947 5.2 molasses 447,761 2.7 potato pulp 0.3 105,634 2.8 brewer's grain 0.6 141,176 4.3 whey 3,111,111 wood chips 7.7 407,407 18.9 fire wood 26 1,276,011 20.4 unexploited forest 17 834,315 wood pellets 2.6 127,601 wood residues 6.3 318,182 waste 47 4,700,000 10.0 combustion bottom ash fly ash TOTAL 219  6.7

Gasification and anaerobic digestion – energy efficiency 15-04-2018 Gasification and anaerobic digestion – energy efficiency Biomass (PJ) Heat (PJ) El (PJ) CGE[1] Gas yield (Nm3/t) LHVgas (GJ/Nm3) Gross[2] energy in gas (PJ) rapeseed Not relevant here willow 0.5 0.07 0.01 0.93 2118 0.0065 grass 6.8 0.23 0.05 210 0.01974 1.9 straw 65.0 7.79 0.66 0.85 1896 55.3 beet top 0.2 0.06 67 0.02404 manure 8.6 1.03 0.25 0.0223 2.6 fiber fraction 2.0 0.43 0.04 3203 0.0036 1.7 mill residue 0.9 0.12 2833 0.8 beet pulp 0.20 molasses 1.2 0.27 0.7 potato pulp 0.3 0.02 brewer's grain 0.6 0.08 320 (?) 1.1 (?) whey 2.8 1.85 0.45 44 0.01794 2.4 wood chips 7.7 1.01 0.09 2704 7.2 fire wood 26.0 3.41 0.29 2915 24.2 Forest unexploited increm. 17.0 2.23 0.19 15.8 wood pellets 0.34 0.03 wood residues 6.3 0.83 5.9 waste[3] TOTAL 143 19.8 2.2 121.4 [1] CGE=Cold Gas Efficiency. It is the most important parameter to assess the energy efficiency of a gasification process [2] The energy content of the gas does not take into account the energy required for the plant heat/energy consumptions [3] Only the residual waste (after source separation) which is today used for energy purposes is here considered

Conclusion - technologies 15-04-2018 Conclusion - technologies Biomass availability is limited especially for biofuels Need for energy crops (33.4 PJ of bio-jetfuel and 29.1 PJ of biodiesel) Integration of gasification and anaerobic digestion with gas-fired SOFC power plant -------> estimation of energy savings and “decreased performance” of the connected power plants

15-04-2018 Future work – LCA Future work: implementation of LCA by means of Simapro and EASEWASTE (for waste) Period: February – June 2010 LCA is Dependent on: The choice of conversion technologies The fate of the biomass The scenarios Direct and indirect LUC consequences (Lorie)

Implementation of LCA Analysis of all energy and mass flows 15-04-2018 Implementation of LCA Analysis of all energy and mass flows Assessment of re-utilization of byproducts for energy or agriculture purposes (also char from gasification) Indirect Land Use Change ------> Not included in the first assessment (further collaboration with Lorie)

Biodiesel from rapeseed 0.013 PJ methanol 0.25 PJ rapeseed (3.6 kt rape oil) 0.48 PJ RME 1.39 kt glycerine 236 t K-fertilizer 63 t KOH 22 kt soy meal 4.8 kt soy oil 0.54 PJ rape oil 22 kt rape meal 1 PJ rapeseed 26.8 kt soy beans 8.7 kt palm fruit 0.36 kt barley Agricultural land Catalysts production Fertiliser production Glycerine production Oil milling Esterification 0.48 PJ RME 236 t catalyst 22 kt animal fodder Soy oil and meal production Palm oil and meal production 8.4 kt palm oil 0.36 kt carbohydrate fodder 0.36 kt palm meal Methanol production 15-04-2018 Biodiesel from rapeseed

Straw gasification 15-04-2018 0.85 PJ syngas 1 PJ straw Biochar Use-on-land Depletion of carbon in the soil Decrease of crops yield Straw gasification 73 kt straw Binding of carbon in the soil

Wood gasification 15-04-2018 0.93 PJ syngas 1 PJ wood chips Biochar Use-on-land Lost alternative?

Anaerobic digestion of grass 15-04-2018 Anaerobic digestion of grass 6.6 kt barley 1 PJ grass 0.32 PJ CH4 0.1 PJ fibers fraction Anaerobic digestion 6.6 kt Animal feed Biogas purification Agricultural land

Anaerobic digestion of manure 15-04-2018 Anaerobic digestion of manure Fertilizer (3518 kt N, 854 kt P, 2043 kt K) Fertilizer (2286 kt N, 854 kt P, 2043 kt K) (3497 kt N, 867 kt P, 1746 kt K) Fertilizer (3497 kt N, 867 kt P, 1746 kt K) 1 PJ manure Storage 0.3 PJ CH4 1 PJ animal manure Digestate & liquid manure Separation & Anaerobic digestion Fertilizer production Use-on-land Biogas purification

The Renaissance option 2 GJ biogas 1 t residual waste 0.4 t solid fraction Waste refinery 0.96 t liquid fraction Anaerobic digestion 24 kg glass Glass recycling Glass production Resources/energy Aluminium recycling Aluminium production 8 kg Al Plastic recycling 10.5 kt plastic Plastic production 10 kg Aluminium 8.2 kg Aluminium 13 kg plastic 11.6 kt crude oil steam water enzymes Ferrous metals recycling Steel production 20 kg steel 20 kg ferrous metals 20 kg Iron Co-combustion in power plant 5 GJ RDF 15-04-2018 Residual waste The Renaissance option

Residual waste incineration 15-04-2018 Residual waste incineration 0.21 GJ el, 0.76 GJ heat 1 tonne residual waste 180 kg ash Thermal treatment Disposal in mineral landfill Natural gas extraction Natural gas 20 kg Fly ash Disposal in salt mine Oil extraction Oil CHP Coal

Conclusion (remarks..) - LCA 15-04-2018 Conclusion (remarks..) - LCA LCA implementation is dependent on: Biomass availability Choice of the conversion technologies (also own decision) Indirect LUC for cultivation of energy crops

Thank you for the attention 15-04-2018 Thank you for the attention