Linking Air Quality & Climate Change strategies at city level Challenges and opportunities for the new Madrid AQ&CC Plan Solutions urbaines pour réduire la pollution de l'air, ralentir le réchauffement climatique et préserver la santé humaine Nantes – 26th September 2016 Paris, 12th September 2016

Centre: high density (>20,000 inhab./Km2) 21 districts: Centre: high density (>20,000 inhab./Km2) Architectural and historic heritage. High ecological value areas in the north (Monte de El Pardo being 26% of the municipal area). Low density development areas in the southeast. This slide is just to provide some general figures about the city of Madrid: area; population; the city is divided in 21 administrative units or districts. These 21 districts are very different: in the center we have high density whereas in the southeast we have low density developments Within the municipality boundaries we have important natural areas such as Monte de El Pardo, Casa de Campo and important and large urban parks (Retiro, Juan Carlos I, Felipe VI, …) 2 2

Air pollutant emissions Public transport Aprox. 1,500 million passengers Private transport 1,400,000 cars 45 cars /100 inhabitants Daily entrance of 1,000,000 cars Air pollutant emissions Road transport is the main source of NOx and particulate matter Monitoring network 24 automatic stations Also, before going into detail about GHG measurement and reporting, I wanted to illustrate the most challeging environmental issue in the city of Madrid: complying air quality standards. Madrid ,like most of the European capitals, is not complying with AQ standards and road transport is the main responsible. Madrid has a high quality pubic transport system but we still face congestion problems, especially when it rains. But this is good news for climate change, because most applicable measures that improve air quality, will also benefit climate change. This also explains why we begin to measure air pollutants emissions, including green house gases. 3 3

Exceedances of annual limit value for NO2 Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of sites 18 15 10 8 6 13 Exceedances of hourly limit value for NO2 Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of sites 6 9 3 5 8

CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS Regional Climate Projections: Heatwaves increase (20% days - 3,5º-4º max.) Longer drought periods (5-10 days/year) More days with extreme precipitation. Increase average T (2,5-3) –decrease average P(100mm) Climate change expected effects: Pluvial flooding. Water supply. Human health. Green areas and biodiversity. Building and public space use patterns. There is a lot of issues that I could tell about GHG gas emissions monitoring and reporting but I also want to talk something about climate change risks. We are now increasing available data about climate change risk at a local level, studying climate projections or evaluating climate change expected effects. In summary, in Madrid we will face risks related with increases in temperatures, more intense heatwave periods, longer drought periods,…. 5 5

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Heatwaves on human health Drought and water scarcity on economic activity Flooding on buildings and infrastructures Degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity loss GIS Assesment (21 Districts) Considers a total of 39 indicators: exposure, adaptive capacity, sensitivity To increase our knowledge about the climate change effects we have completed a vulnerability assessment at district levels. We evaluate four chains of impacts: Heatwaves on human health Drougth and water scarcity and how it could affect the economic activity Flooding on buildings and infrastructures Degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity loss To conduct this assessment, we have considered a total of 39 indicators related with exposure, adaptive capacity and sensitivity. 6 6

NOx emissions by source Major sources of pollution INVENTORY OF MADRID CITY AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS Road transport 55 % NOx 21 % GHG (total) Buildings 13 % NOx 53 % GHG (total) Waste 7 % NOx 10 % GHG NOx emissions by source Emerging parameters - Black carbon

Air Quality and Climate Change Plan Existing Plans: Air quality Plan 2011-2015 Energy Use and CC Plan Horizon 2020 Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan 2020 Public health perspective Win-win policies to benefit both AQ and CC Building consensus on challenging issues

DIFFICULT TO INCLUDE SEVERAL DIFFERENT CRITERIA REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT How to establish a definition of clean vehicles? DIFFICULT TO INCLUDE SEVERAL DIFFERENT CRITERIA NOx PM GHG Energy efficiency Noise

Biofuels and biomass. Is biomass suitable for urban heating ? REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM BUILDINGS Biofuels and biomass. Is biomass suitable for urban heating ? Impact of CHP decentralized energy systems Renewable energy in electric grid systems

ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT OPTIONS REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Waste Collection fleet Minimisation of methane release Waste to energy processes

CORPORATE FLEETS AIR QUALITY EFFECTS OF ADAPTATION MEASURES MADRID + NATURAL Urban resilience through nature base solutions Public spaces Green Infraestructures Buildings

Thank you! Juan Azcárate Luxán Contact Details Madrid City Council – Environment and Mobility Area SG Energy and Climate Change Bustamante 16 28045-Madrid, Spain azcaratelj@madrid.es http://www.madrid.es