Tidal Model: - Mid-range theory developed by psychiatric nurses, Dr. Phil Barker and Poppy Buchanan Barker, - Serves as a philosophical approach to the understanding of mental health. Results: - (Fourth Bullet): Explanation suggested that because meaning of life requires abstract thinking, the cognitive impairment of a schizophrenia patient might interfere with executive function and make such reflections on existential issues difficult THE ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY AMONG SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS: AN INTEGRATED LITERATURE REVIEW — SARAH BIEBER — BACKGROUND — Psychology has become more receptive towards spirituality as an influential concept in the recovery of many mental health illnesses. Its role as it relates to recovery for patients living with schizophrenia has not been effectively explored. In order to induce a spiritual sense, one must have an ability to think and reflect abstractly; this requirement conflicts with the schizophrenic mind’s preference for concrete thinking. It is questionable whether these patients regard the role of spirituality as it relates to their recovery in the same way as those with other mental illnesses (or no mental illness) regard its role. This leads to the question, is psychology overlooking or misjudging the way in which schizophrenia patients perceive and consume spirituality as well as the associated implications for how spirituality is integrated into recovery-oriented therapy? BACKGROUND — CONCLUSIONS — Schizophrenia significantly impacts our healthcare system, affecting millions of people in the United States and costing billions of dollars annually. The disease interrupts normal social and learning activities, disrupts the progression of age-appropriate milestones, decreases the ability to function in normal everyday life, and strains relationship building. A deeper understanding into the topic may help providers more effectively employ spirituality as a coping mechanism for those living with schizophrenia, just as it has proven to be beneficial to those living with other mental health illnesses. While this review validated use and practice of spirituality within the lives of those living with schizophrenia, it did not provide definitive insight into the role of spirituality from the perspective of patients living with schizophrenia. Further investigation through future research is required to uncover more meaningful and actionable information. CONCLUSIONS— CINAHL PsychINFO HAPI ASC Studies Meeting Inclusion Criteria 58 163 131 5 Studies After Excluding Duplicates 36 78 45 5 Studies After Using Exclusion Criteria 5 7 Total Number of Studies Utilized 12 Inclusion Criteria: Published 2011 to June, 2017; English language; peer-reviewed content. Exclusion Criteria: Studies not classified as primary research studies (e.g., literature reviews, case studies); studies that did not directly examine patients with schizophrenia; and studies that did not address or investigate schizophrenia and spirituality. PURPOSE — Explore the role of spirituality from the perspective of patients with schizophrenia. With further insight, mental health providers may be able to develop treatment plans that integrate spirituality in more meaningful and effective ways that increase quality of life for this unique patient population. PURPOSE — RESULTS — Overall The literature validates the practice of spirituality in those living with and recovering from schizophrenia. Role of Spirituality Quantitative Results Spirituality was found to provide meaning of life, social functioning, self-esteem, quality of life, and coping skills. These were identified via quantitative studies using surveys with pre-established choices that may be misinterpreted and/or may not represent an authentic response by a schizophrenic patient. Qualitative Results Qualitative methods identified spirituality as providing: empowerment, a framework in which to discuss and understand schizophrenia, validation of beliefs, safety, support, strength, and relief. None of these studies specifically asked patients to identify the role of spirituality in their recovery. Meaning of Life Other studies indicate spirituality does not include a search for the meaning of life, but did include secular concepts that influence one’s behaviors, perceptions, and attitudes towards life, thereby providing a sense of self and framework for the individual to live life rather than providing an existential solution. Personal Meaning of Spirituality Only one asked patients to articulate their personal meaning of spirituality as well as its perceived role in their treatment. Descriptions were regarded as factual, concrete, and affective. Patients, in seeking stability, peace, and growth, regarded spirituality as a source of giving and receiving both love and care. RESULTS— NURSING IMPLICATIONS— NURSING IMPLICATIONS — Spirituality is unique and subjective to each patient. Nurses should explore the individual spiritual needs of each patient, recognizing that the way in which schizophrenia patients interpret the role of spirituality may differ significantly from their own preconceived notions. Establishing a mutual understanding of what spirituality means to the patient helps to avoid conflicting definitions and expectations that can suppress the voice of the patient from sharing their experiences and beliefs and hinder an ability to provide holistic care. RESEARCH QUESTION — RESEARCH QUESTION — What is the perceived role of spirituality among people with schizophrenia? REFERENCES — Aist, C. (2012). The recovery of religious and spiritual significance in American psychiatry. Journal of Religion & Health, 51(3), 615-629. doi:10.1007/s10943-012-9604-y Danbolt, L. J., Møller, P., Lien, L., & Hestad, K. A. (2011). The personal significance of religiousness and spirituality in patients with schizophrenia. International Journal For The Psychology Of Religion, 21(2), 145-158. doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.557009 Huguelet, P., Mohr, S. M., Olié, E., Vidal, S., Hasler, R., Prada, P., & ... Perroud, N. (2016). Spiritual meaning in life and values in patients with severe mental disorders. Journal Of Nervous And Mental Disease, 204(6), 409-414. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000495 Hustoft, H., Hestad, K. A., Lien, L., Møller, P., & Danbolt, L. J. (2013). “If I didn't have my faith I would have killed myself!”: Spiritual coping in patients suffering from schizophrenia. International Journal For The Psychology Of Religion, 23(2), 126-144. doi:10.1080/10508619.2012.688003 Kéri, S., & Kelemen, O. (2016). Christianity and schizophrenia redux: An empirical study. Journal Of Religion And Health, doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0227-6 Shah, R., Kulhara, P., Grover, S., Kumar, S., Malhotra, R., & Tyagi, S. (2011). Relationship between spirituality/religiousness and coping in patients with residual schizophrenia. Quality Of Life Research, 20(7), 1053-1060 Smith, S., & Suto, M. J. (2012). Religious and/or spiritual practices: Extending spiritual freedom to people with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(2), 77-85. doi:10.2182/cjot.2012.79.2.3 Vedana, K. G., Cirineu, C., Zanetti, A. C., & Miasso, A. (2013). Acting for relief: Coping with schizophrenia and nuisances caused by drug treatment. Ciencia, Cuidado E Saude, 12(2), 365-373. doi:10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v12i2.20342 REFERENCES— RESEARCH METHODS — Databases searched included: CINAHL, PsychINFO, HAPI, and Academic Search Complete (ASC). Primary search terms: spiritual* and schizophren*; Secondary: recovery, rehabilitation, treatment, and therapy. Theoretical Framework: The Tidal Model Emphasizes helping people reclaim their personal story of mental distress by recovering their voice. By using their own language and personal stories, people are able to express something of meaning in their lives. RESEARCH METHODS —