3:9 Notes Africa

North and West Africa North and West Africa North Africa under Muslim rule by 700 CE exports: salt, gold, ivory, slaves, coffee, animal skins Kingdom of Ghana (800-1200)—one of the wealthiest west African empires controlled trade on the upper Niger River

North Africa Kingdom of Mali (1200-1500)—west African empire that conquered Ghana Sundiata “The Lion Prince” (1235- 1255)—expanded territory from Ghana to include gold fields Mansa Musa (1312-1337)—shocked the world with his wealth on a pilgrimage to Mecca, built Muslim schools throughout empire Timbuktu and Gao—trade and learning capitals of Mali

In 1324, Mansa Musa, King of Mali, made a pilgrimage to Mecca that brought the attention of the Muslim world to the wealth of his kingdom. A Jewish cartographer in Spain, Abraham Cresques, depicted the trip more than 50 years later in the map shown. Mansa Musa is depicted at the bottom right with a golden scepter and crown, symbolizing his royal power, and an enormous gold nugget, symbolizing his country’s wealth.

The Architecture of Faith Dogon village mosque in Kani-Kombole, Mali, west Africa.

Sub-Saharan Africa Agriculture by 1200 CE  population spike From Bantu: grains, yams, and palm oil south From Southeast Asia: bananas Sub-Saharan Africa still dominated by the Bantu canoes, iron work, farming, language, polytheism (with a supreme god) , matrilineal societies, kin-based networks, malaria, ancestor veneration, music, masks, and storytelling (Griots)

Sub-Saharan Africa Axum (100-940)—Ethiopian trading city, unique version of Christianity (rock churches) This extraordinary 13th-century church, Bet Giorgis, represents the power of early Christianity in Ethiopia. It was one of a great complex of eleven churches that King Lalibela believed God had commanded him to build. Dedicated to St. George, the patron saint of Ethiopia, it was cut out of the bedrock of the earth. Its roof, in the shape of an enormous cross, lies at ground level. Although it is surrounded by impassable walls and can be reached only by way of an underground tunnel carved in stone, it is still used for worship today.

Sub-Saharan Africa Islam spread slowly to sub-Saharan Africa through merchants, missionaries, and marriage From trade routes across North Africa and Indian Ocean women: pottery making, farm work, selling at markets; did not conform to the hijab

Sub-Saharan Africa spread Arabic language, literacy among children, study of law, medicine, and math Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)— scholar who traveled the Muslim world to Mid East, Africa, and Asia

Indian Ocean trade network (1200-1500)— connected Africa, Europe, Mid East, and Asia slaves a major trading commodity (2.5M to Asia) Swahili Coast “Zanj” city-states: Kilwa, Mombasa, Mogadishu

Zanj Rebellion (869-883)— most successful slave revolt in history, Iraqi sugar plantations Great Zimbabwe (1000- 1400)—controlled trade of gold along Zambezi River, stone fortifications without mortar

Great Zimbabwe was one of several stone settlement complexes in southeastern Africa. Added to at different times, it served as the royal court of the kingdom. In their search for traces of the non-African people they believed “must” have built these massive stone structures, European explorers and treasure-seekers stripped the site of layers of artifacts that might have told more of the story of Great Zimbabwe.