CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP

COMPETENCIES

GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. WHAT IS AN ATP. 2. WHAT IS THE USE OF AN ATP. 3 GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. WHAT IS AN ATP? 2. WHAT IS THE USE OF AN ATP? 3. HOW DO WE FORM AN ATP?

KEY CONCEPT The cells of all organisms need chemical energy to carry out their life sustaining processes.

What do the cells need chemical energy for? To move To reproduce To grow To actively transport materials across the cell membrane (Ex. Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pumps) To carry out chemical reactions –Activation Energy Ex. Photosynthesis, respiration , All metabolism

Energy is stored in Food Molecules Chemical E is stored in the organic molecules found in food.

Carbohydrates and lipid molecules are the most important energy containing molecules in foods we eat.

1. AUTOTROPHS – MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD MOLECULES USING ENERGY AND CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) gas FROM THE ENVIRONMENT *

2 Groups of Autotrophs Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs

Photoautotroph – use light E to make their food through Photosynthesis CyanoBacteria Protists (Algae) Plants

Chemoautotrophs use chemical E to make their food through Chemosynthesis Ex. Archaebacteria

Autotrophs make the organic compounds that serve as food for themselves and all other organisms on Earth

2. Heterotrophs – Organisms that eat other organisms (or their products) to obtain energy and carbon compounds Animals Fungus Some Protists Most Bacteria ANIMALS

Are We Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?

Autotroph or Heterotroph?

Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another

Energy Transformations that Support Life

Two processes are needed to convert the sun’s light energy into chemical energy the cell can use. PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELL RESPIRATION

In photosynthesis, sunlight E is transformed into chemical E stored in food molecules Starch Glucose

In cell respiration, the chemical E stored in food molecules is released and repackaged into high energy molecules called ATP the cells can use.

ATP What happens to the E released from food in cellular respiration? It is used to make high energy molecules called ATP

What is ATP? ATP stands for the molecule Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP is a high energy containing molecule used by all cells to carry out cellular functions.. Sodium-Potassium Pump Muscle contraction

ATP – ADP ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate

The ATP – ADP cycle ATP –High energy molecule ADP –Low energy molecule phosphate removed

When ATP loses a phosphate molecule it gives off E and becomes ADP. The E given off is used to power chemical reactions in the cell

When ADP gains E and a phosphate molecule, it becomes “recharged” to form ATP. The E source to “recharge” ADP comes from the breakdown of food through respiration.

This process is called the ATP – ADP Cycle

Removing a Phosphate - Release Energy “use the battery” ATP Energy + P + ADP   Adding a Phosphate – Stores Energy “recharge battery” ADP + Energy + P ATP

This is constantly occuring in every cell of your body, millions of times a minute! The E given off is used to power every chemical reaction occuring in the cell

ATP to ADP Recharging your body’s batteries

Where does ATP come from? ATP comes indirectly from the food that we eat. Molecules of carbohydrates (glucose) and lipids are broken down through the process of cellular respiration to produce ATP.

An ATP Molecule is composed of the following: A Nitrogenous Base – Adenine A Sugar – Ribose Three phosphate groups

ATP-ADP Cycle

ATP-ADP Cycle Transformation of Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

ATP-ADP Cycle Laws of Thermodynamics First law - Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Second law - Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.

ATP-ADP Cycle ATP – ADP Cycle ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions Energy is released when a phosphate group (Pi) is removed ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is changed into ATP when a phosphate group (Pi) is added

ATP-ADP Cycle ATP – ADP Cycle phosphate removed

ATP-ADP Cycle Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. not stored in large amounts up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

ATP-ADP Cycle Lipids Lipids store the most energy. 80 percent of the energy in your body About 146 ATP from a triglyceride

ATP-ADP Cycle Proteins Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. amino acids not usually needed for energy about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

ATP-ADP Cycle

Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

ADP-ATP Cycle Cells break phosphate bonds between the last two phosphate groups in a molecule of ATP as needed to supply energy for most cellular functions, when this happens a molecule of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate become available for reuse.

ADP-ATP Cycle When any of the phosphate bonds are broken or formed, energy is involved. Energy is released each time a phosphate is removed from the molecule. Energy is stored each time a phosphate attaches to the molecule.

ADP-ATP Cycle To constantly supply the cell with energy, the ADP is recycled, creating more ATP which carries much more energy than ADP.

Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle To supply cells with energy, a “high energy” bond in ATP is broken. ADP is formed and a phosphate is released back into the cytoplasm. ATP ADP + phosphate + energy

Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle As the cell requires more energy, ADP becomes ATP when a free phosphate attaches to the ADP molecule. Then energy needed to create an ATP molecule is much less than the amount of energy produced when the bond is broken. ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) Assisted by the enzyme ATPase. How is the bond broken? HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) Assisted by the enzyme ATPase. H2O

How Does That Happen? An Enzyme! ATPase

The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP Synthetase ATP-ase

How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ATP Synthase

APPLICATION: EXPLAIN THE DIAGRAM phosphate removed