Periodic Table of Elements

Dmitri Mendeleev Created first version of periodic table. Predicted properties of elements yet to be discovered. Ted Talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-48znAg7VE Rockin the shaggy beard…

Arranged elements according to atomic weights. Today they are arranged by atomic number. Development of the Table: 3:39 http://youtu.be/nsbXp64YPRQ

Periodic Law “Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.” In other words, properties tend to repeat as you start a new period.

Groups/Families (Columns 1-18) Elements have: Same number of valence electrons. Similar chemical properties. Form bonds in same way to get stable octet.

Periods (Rows 1-7) Elements have: Same number of occupied energy levels. Do not have similar properties.

Group 1: Alkali Metals 1 valence electron Form +1 Ions Very reactive Found only in compounds.

http://youtu.be/uixxJtJPVXk Rubidium http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HY7mTCMvpEM

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals 2 valence electrons Form +2 ions Very reactive Found only in compounds

Some Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2: Some Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 17: Halogens 7 valence electrons Form -1 ions Very reactive All nonmetals

Extremely reactive gas Liquid Solid FLUORINE Extremely reactive gas IODINE solid → gas (sublimes) 3:00 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=u2ogMUDBaf4

Group 18: Noble Gases Inert Gases Have stable octet (except He) Not reactive Have stable octet (except He) Monoatomic gases

Transition Metals Metals in the “lower” columns. (d-block metals) “Inner” transition metals are the two bottom rows (f-block metals)

Transition Metals Form colored compounds and solutions. Often have multiple “oxidation states” (charges) Honors: May involve d-sublevel electrons in forming bonds

Lanthanide & Actinide Series Two rows on the bottom of the table “f” block Start with lanthanum and actinium Also called “inner Transition Metals”

Man Made Elements: (“Trans Uranium”) Elements above Uranium (Atomic #92) Not found naturally on earth Must be created through nuclear bombardment using particle accelerators. Radioactive Elements: All atoms of elements higher than Bismuth (Atomic #83) are radioactive.

Do we know our groups? Elements Song Again! http://youtu.be/zGM-wSKFBpo Periodic Table Dating Game http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6cF0iWC3J4 Ted Talk: 4:24 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPnwBITSmgU

Metals/Nonmetals/Metalloids

Properties of Metals Luster Malleable Ductile Conduct heat and electricity Lose valence electrons, form positive ions All solids (except Hg)

Nonmetals No luster Brittle (if solid) Don’t conduct Gain valence electrons, form negative ions Can be solid, liquid, gas Hydrogen is a nonmetal

Metalloids (Semimetals) Most elements along the “staircase” Properties of both metals and nonmetals. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At

Trends in the Periodic Table

Atomic Radius Distance from nucleus to the outer edge of electron cloud.

Trends in Radius (Use Table S) Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Down a Group Ex: Group 1 What happens? Across a Period Ex: Period 2 What happens? Li Be B C N O F Ne

Why does this trend happens? Let’s Think: Why does this trend happens? How might it be related to electron shells and electron repulsion? How might it be related to the pull of nuclear charge?

Down a Group: Size increases Add new energy levels Greater shielding from core electrons Outer electrons further from nucleus so less attractive force

Across a Period: Size decreases Increasing nuclear charge pulls on same # of energy levels No increase in shielding effect http://youtu.be/ba2yN2HtPTA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VopLrkfXfGw&safe=active

Ionization Energy Energy required to remove outermost electron

Trends in Ionization Energy (Use Table S) Down a Group Ex: Group 1 What happens? Across a Period Ex: Period 2 What happens? Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Li Be B C N O F Ne

What is the trend? Down a Group IE __________________ Across a Period IE _________________ Therefore: Larger Radius = Lower Ionization Energy

Why? The further outermost electron is from nuclear pull, easier it is to remove. More shells of kernel electrons around nucleus creates a greater “shielding effect”.

Electronegativity Attraction an atom has for electrons involved in bond formation.

Electronegativity The higher the EN value the more the atom “pulls” on electrons involved in bond. “Tug of war” for electrons in bond

Fluorine has the highest EN value = 4 EN scale was created by comparing other elements to Fluorine Nonmetals generally have much higher EN values than metals http://youtu.be/93G_FqpGFGY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ8izzEq6zI&safe=active

How does this Affect Bonds? Polar Bond: Unequal electron sharing Atoms have different EN Nonpolar Bond: Equal electron sharing Atoms have same EN

Trends in Electronegativity (Use Table S) Down a Group Ex: Group 1 What happens? Across a Period Ex: Period 2 What happens? Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Li Be B C N O F Ne

What was the trend in electronegativity? Down a group EN _________________ Across a period EN ________________ What is the relationship to atomic radius? As size gets bigger EN gets ______________ As size gets smaller EN gets _____________ What element has the highest EN value? What elements don’t have really have electronegativity values? Why is that?

Metallic/NonMetallic Character More “Metallic”: Large radius Low IE Low EN More “Non Metallic”: Small radius High IE High EN http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=hANWofStHrk

Links and Songs (Honors) Intro to the Table http://youtu.be/5MMWpeJ5dn4 Dan Radcliffe Knows his elements! http://youtu.be/rSAaiYKF0cs Elements Song: Periodic Table of Videos Crew: http://youtu.be/afFw91fvNJM A different Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUDDiWtFtEM&safe=active LIST OF COOL LINKS http://www.nclark.net/PeriodicTable.html

Crash Course Video(13 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RRVV4Diomg&safe=active Interactive Table http://ny.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.matter.ptable/periodic-table-of-the-elements/ http://www.chemicool.com/ Sortify Game https://www.brainpop.com/games/sortifyelementsoftheperiodictable/ Go React Periodic Table http://www.msichicago.org/play/goreact/