Kingdom Fungi Ch. 31 Lecture Objectives Fungal Characteristics Division: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, & Basidiomycota Lichens

Figure 31.1 Figure 31.1 What role does this mushroom play in the forest? © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

What makes a fungus a fungus? 1. Multicellular 2. Cell Walls 3. Heterotrophic Saprophytic Exoenzymes 4. Hypha  Mycelium Septate/aseptate Haustoria

Fig. 31.3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei Figure 31.3 Two forms of hyphae (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha Fig. 31.3

Aseptate (Coenocytic) Septate

Fig. 31.2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures Figure 31.2 Structure of a multicellular fungus 20 µm Fig. 31.2 Mycelium

Haustoria (specialized hypha used to penetrate host tissue) Fig 31.4

What makes a fungus a fungus con’t. 5. Reproduction Sexual Asexual * BOTH result in spore formation

Spores giving rise to hyphae  mycelium

Generalized life cycle Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium Figure 31.5 Generalized life cycle of fungi MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spores Fig. 31.5

What makes a fungus a fungus con’t. 6. Metabolism Diverse lifestyles Decomposers Parasites Mutualists

Beneficial Fungi Fig. 31.6 Fig. 31.14

Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth Fig. 31-26 Figure 31.26 Fungal production of an antibiotic

Parasitic Fungi

Fungal Classification Domain: Eukaraya Kingdom: Fungi Phyla: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Figure 31.10 Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Hyphae 25 µm Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Glomeromycetes (160 species) Fungal hypha 25 µm Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Figure 31.10 Exploring fungal diversity Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) Figure 31.10 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Phylum Zygomycota (Zygomycetes) 1. Fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts 2. Asexual Reproductive Structure: Sporangium (holder of asexual spores) 3. Sexual Reproductive Structure: Zygosporangium (contains a zygospore (sexual spore))

Reproductive structures in Zygomycota Fig. 31-14 Reproductive structures in Zygomycota Zygosporanium (sexual) Figure 31.14 Pilobolus aiming its sporangia Sporangia (asexual)

Fig. 31.12 Lifecycle for Phylum Zygomycota, Genus Rhizopus Key Haploid (n) Di/Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium Sporangia KARYOGAMY Figure 31.13 The life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Lifecycle for Phylum Zygomycota, Genus Rhizopus Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium

Phylum Ascomycota (Ascomycetes) 1. Marine, freshwater, & terrestrial 2. Unicellular or multicellular 3. Asexual Reproductive Structure = Conidiophore - asexual spores = conidia 4. Sexual Reproductive Structure (fruiting body) = Ascocarp - sexual spores = ascospores contained in asci which line the ascocarp

Phylum Ascomycota asexual structures – example here is Penicillium sp. conidia conidiophore

Phylum Ascomycota Sexual Fruiting Body (ascocarp) with ascospores

Ascocarp Examples Fig. 31.15 Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Figure 31.16 Ascomycetes (sac fungi) Fig. 31.15

Fig. 31.16 Generalized lifecycle for Phylum Ascomycota Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Asci Eight ascospores Ascocarp Figure 31.17 The life cycle of Neurospora crassa, an ascomycete Generalized lifecycle for Phylum Ascomycota Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS Fig. 31.16

Phylum Basidiomycota 1. Mushrooms, puffballs, & shelf fungi 2. ONLY sexual stage observed Sexual Reproductive Structure (fruiting body) = Basidiocarp Lined with club-like structures called basidia Hold sexual spores called basidiospores

Mushroom Examples…. Figure 31.20 A fairy ring

Figure 31.17 Shelf fungi Puffballs Maiden veil fungus Figure 31.17 Basidiomycetes (club fungi) Puffballs Figure 31.17 Maiden veil fungus © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fig. 31.18 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Figure 31.19 The life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid (2n)

Lichens 1. Symbiotic mutualistic association between a fungus & algae Ascomycota & Chlorophyta 2. Three body types Foliose Fruticose Crustose

Figure 31.23 Lichen in longitudinal section They are the pioneers in rocky substrates, where there is no soil. Lichens break down the rocky substrate into soil and their decomposing thallus fertilize the newly produced soil, making it possible for the plant habitation. Lichen in longitudinal section 50 m Figure 31.24 Anatomy of an ascomycete lichen (colorized SEM). Fungal hyphae Algal cell Figure 31.23

Figure 31.22 A foliose (leaflike) lichen A fruticose (shrublike) Figure 31.22 Variation in lichen growth forms A fruticose (shrublike) lichen Figure 31.22 Crustose (encrusting) lichens © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.