Shelby Foote on the Confederate flag and “soldiers on both sides fighting for …” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9J8P6WfS7w

Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening and Rise of Abolitionism in North (1830’s) Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison (1831 – 1865) ** Changes Abolition Movement … Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Handout Questions: ** (1) Why did the Second Great Awakening lead to a rise in Abolition sentiment in the North? ** (2) Why did Slaveholders not consider themselves egregious sinners?

Causes of U.S. Civil War – “LONG TERM” 4 = “Slave Power” Influence and Change in “Southern Consciousness” Only 1/3 of Southerners owned slaves Thomas Jefferson, 1743 - 1826 John C. Calhoun, 1782 - 1850

Attempts to “Deal” With Slavery 1800 – Gabriel’s Rebellion … White Virginians propose emancipating slaves 1816 – American Colonization Society … Received $100,000 from Congress

Attempts to “Deal” With Slavery 1820 – Virginia’s “Haiti Plan” … Proposal to emancipate a certain number of slaves each year and send them to Haiti Vs. 1831 – Nat Turner’s Rebellion … Approximately 120 slaves and free African Americans were killed by militias and mobs in the area

Nations and Empires that ended slavery through “Compensated Emancipation” Argentina Bolivia Brazil British Empire India, East Africa, etc. Chile Columbia Danish Colonies Netherlands Ecuador French Empire West Africa Mexico and Central America Paraguay Peru Spanish Empire Sweden Uruguay Venezuela United States  (Washington D.C.  only)

Causes of U.S. Civil War – “LONG TERM” 4 = “Slave Power” Influence and Change in “Southern Consciousness” Only 1/3 of Southerners owned slaves Thomas Jefferson, 1743 - 1826 John C. Calhoun, 1782 - 1850

Causes of U.S. Civil War – “LONG TERM” 5 = Ambiguities of U.S. Constitution (1787) At founding, kept Slavery intact Perpetual Union? -- Were states allowed to leave? 6 = “Tradition of State Sovereignty” and States’ Rights Nullification & Secession 7 = Westward Expansion and “Manifest Destiny” Failed compromises between Northern and Southern states 8 = Economic differences, North and South Agrarian South vs. Industrial North Growth of “wage labor” in North

Causes of U.S. Civil War – Immediate Events Fugitive Slave Act, 1850 (Part of Compromise of 1850) Dred Scott Case, 1857 John Brown’s Raid, 1859 Election of Abraham Lincoln, 1860 South Carolina Secedes, Dec. 20, 1860 ** President Lincoln decides to reinforce Fort Sumter, S.C., April 12, 1861

Tradition of State Authority Over National Authority Ideological Tensions Leading to the Civil War Tradition of State Authority Over National Authority Federal government … from Latin word “Foedus” … “State” loyalty stronger than “federal” loyalty …

“The united States …” or “The States united …” The words “united States” used to be a plural entity until after the Civil War.

A Perpetual Union? Preamble to U.S. Constitution: What is the purpose of “Union” in the national government, and does the Constitution mention this “Union” being permanent? Preamble to U.S. Constitution: “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

Read the passage below from a document called the “Kentucky resolution”: “1. Resolved, That the several States composing, the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government. [The States unite in the] general government to accomplish special purposes. [But] whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force. [And the general government is not the] final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself.” What is being argued here? What is the main point?

What is being argued is the basis for nullification, the power of the States to nullify a law passed by the Federal Government. Argument for nullification eventually grows by 1860 to assume the right for secession. John C. Calhoun, Southerner and supporter of “Nullification”

Secession Hartford Convention (1814) – first time in U.S. History states (New England states) considered leaving the National Government Secession – breaking away or leaving the country form your own country

Questions: (1) List the historical examples provided in pages 16 to 21 of the American individuals, states, regions, and movements that all demonstrate the secessionist tradition of America. (2) What was the first revolt against national unity in the United States, and why did these individuals revolt? (3) (a) The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions provided the basis for what idea? (b) Who were these resolutions written by, and why is this significant? (4) Summarize in your own words, what were the central questions regarding the ambiguity of the Constitution? (5) From pages 16 to 21, what is the author’s central argument within this passage?