Blood Disorders

Erythrocyte Disorders

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA *LOW Hemoglobin  LOW O2  FATIGUE What differences do you see?

Jaundice – Accumulation of bilirubin in the skin and eyes turning yellow. Bilirubin: waste product pigment of hemoglobin breakdown excreted in bile. Cyanosis – abnormally high concentration of deoxyhemoglobin (RBC’s without O2) causing skin to be bluish Hypoxia – prolonged O2 deficiency.

Rh Dangers During Pregnancy The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child a. The 1st pregnancy is okay. Mom’s immune system is exposed to Rh+ antigen during birth. b. In a 2nd pregnancy, the mom’s immune system makes antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (Hemolytic disease of the newborn or Erythroblastosis Fetalis).

Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia — a condition in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout your body.

Leukocyte Disorders

Leukemia Cancer of the white blood cells. Too many WBC crowding out RBC’s Bone marrow transplant needed. Acute Leukemia – symptoms appear suddenly, death can occur within weeks or months if not treated. Chronic Leukemia – slow progression, remain undetected for years or months, remission possible with chemotherapy

Leukemia and blood cells. A. ) Normal blood cells. B Leukemia and blood cells. A.) Normal blood cells. B.) Blood cells from a person with granulocytic leukemia, a type of myeloid leukemia. Note the increased number of leukocytes. Lymphoid Leukemia - no tumors, circulating cells. Lymphoma – tumors formed in the lymph nodes

Disorders of Hemostasis Type I: Thromboembolytic conditions – undesirable clot formation Thrombus: clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel Embolus: thrombus that breaks away from BV wall and floats freely in bloodstream Either may block circulation to tissues beyond the occlusion and cause death to those tissues Pulmonary embolism, stroke, heart attack

Disorders of Hemostasis Endothelial roughening: impairment of endothelial characteristics such as arteriosclerosis, severe burns/scar tissue, or inflammation may give platelets a place to cling and begin a thrombus Blood stasis: slowing of blood flow particularly in immobilized patients does not keep clotting factors diluted

Disorders of Hemostasis Bleeding disorders: prevention of proper clot formation Thrombocytopenia: platelet count under 50,000 per mm3 Petechiae: small purplish blotches (bruises) caused by spontaneous bleeding from small BV all over body Cause: damage to myeloid tissue (bone marrow): bone marrow cancer, radiation, certain drugs Treatment: whole blood transfusion or in some cases platelet transfusion

Disorders of Hemostasis Impaired liver function Little to no procoagulants produced Causes: vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin produced in your intestines by bacteria: liver produces bile which is necessary for fat absorption No bile = no fat absorption = vitamin K deficiency = no procoagulant production Treatment: Depends on cause

Hemophilia Hemophilia – genetic disorder where clotting factors are missing causing excessive bleeding. Symptoms include severe hemorrhage following minor injuries. Frequent nosebleeds, large muscular hematomas, and blood in urine. Whole blood transfusions or clotting factor injections are a temporary cure.

Hemophilia Hemophilia: What is it? Hereditary X linked trait so usually affects males Hemophilia A = factor VIII deficiency – most common Hemophilia B – factor IX deficiency Hemophilia C – factor XI deficiency Symptoms: minor tissue trauma causes prolonged bleeding, bleeding into joint capsules after exercise or trauma Management: clotting factor transfusion