What is Nursing? N116

ROLES OF NURSES

Nurses Nursing Respond to needs of clients Actively participate in policy Respond and adapt to challenges Make clinical judgments and decisions about client healthcare needs based on knowledge, experience, and standards of care Nursing Care provided according to standard of practice and a code of ethics

Florence Nightingale 1850s First nurse epidemiologist Organized first school of nursing Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals

Time Marches on in Sensible White Shoes 1860 Clara Barton founds Am. Red Cross 1896 precursor to ANA founded 1893 Henry Street Settlement 1901 First University-affiliated nursing program 1911 ANA 1923 Yale school of Nursing 1953 First Associate Degree program 1940-1950s nursing specialty organizations 1965 ANA defines nursing, clarifies roles

Virginia Henderson 1950s Needs domains: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, spiritual, developmental 14 basic needs of whole person Goal is independence “nursing is assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities that will contribute to health, recovery or peaceful death that the individual would have performed unaided if he had the strength, will, or knowledge.”

Dorothy Orem 1970s Self-care deficit theory Goal is to help client perform self care Nursing becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfil biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.

Madeleine Leininger 1970s-1990s Cultural Care theory Care is essence of nursing Caring varies among cultures Value and definition of health varies among cultures

Jean Watson 1970s-1980s Transpersonal Caring Nursing’s purpose it to understand the interrelationship between health, illness, and human behavior Nursing is concerned with promoting health and preventing illness Know strengths and limitations of client and family

Nursing Today: societal influences Health care reform Demographic changes Medically underserved Threat of bioterrorism Rising healthcare costs Nursing shortage

Is nursing a job or a profession? Requires an extended education Requires a body of knowledge Provides a specific service Has autonomy Incorporates a code of ethics

Nursing Education Professional Registered Nurse education 2 year associate degree 4 year baccalaureate degree Graduate Education Master’s degree, Advanced practice RN Doctoral degrees Continuing and in-service education Keep current with up to date skills, knowledge, theory CE required by most states

Standards of Nursing Practice ANA Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Evaluation This is the nursing process model and is the foundation for all critical thinking and clinical decision making

Standards of Professional Performance ANA Quality of practice Education Professional practice evaluation Collegiality Ethics Research Resource utilization Leadership These reflect a competent level of behavior in a professional role.

Code of Ethics ANA Philosophical ideals of right or wrong Incorporate your own ideas and values into practice Compassion and respect for value of individuals Primary commitment is to client Owes the same duty to self as to others Contributes to advancement of profession

Nurse Practice Acts Created and overseen by State Boards of Nursing Regulate scope of practice to protect public safety, health, and welfare Protects public from unsafe or fraudulent nurses Change to reflect nurses’ growing roles

Autonomy in Nursing Essential element in professional nursing Independent nursing interventions do not need medical orders Collaborate to create best treatment plan Autonomy= greater accountability and responsibility

Professional Roles and Responsibilities Caregiver Advocate Educator Communicator Manager

Future trends in Nursing Expansion of employment opportunities Nursing’s public perception Nurses’ impact on politics and health policy