Manifest Destiny and the Rise of Sectionalism This Power Point presentation accompanies the Mastering the Grade 8 Social Studies TEKS book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran, Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny and the Rise of Sectionalism

Essential Questions What role did “Manifest Destiny” play in westward expansion? Was the U.S.–Mexican War justified? What were the effects of territorial expansion on our nation? Could the divisions created by sectionalism have been avoided? How might the attempt at political compromise have been altered to lessen the threat of Civil War? Can Chief Justice Taney be blamed for the onset of the Civil War?

Sectional Differences Grow

The North Industrial (no slaves) Large Factories Urban Rich owned most and had all the wealth Large Middle Class By 1860 half the population worked in a job other than agriculture Poor and working class lived in bad conditions and also had bad working conditions. Poor women and children worked long hours in factories.

Inventions that Propelled Change Spinning Jenny (1764) allowed several threads to be spun at once. Threads could be made quicker and cheaper James Watt’s improved steam engine (1769) made steam power available for mechanical purposes. This lead to large factories, the steamboat, and the railroad Eli Whitney helped to standardize parts by making them interchangeable. This made manufacturing easier ad cheaper

The Shift from Home to Factory In the 1790s Samuel Slater began producing cotton thread in a factory in New England As production got cheaper, prices fell, and more and more people were able to afford factory made products. As demand grew more factories were built, employing more people. During the War of 1812 Francis Cabot Lowell, and others, began building new factories driven by steam or water power .

The steam engine was attached to a wagon on wheels that moved along a track. This became the railroad. It allowed for faster and more reliable transportation across distances. Robert Fulton’s Steamboat (1807) allowed for faster transportation along the nation’s rivers. New Innovations Telegraph: This long distance communication device used a series of electrical pulses to send messages.

Economy and Society by the 1830s Pictures: National Archives Economy and Society by the 1830s Factory workers had set times to work and were closely managed. Farmers set their own work times and decided what work needed to be done. Most people still lived in a rural setting and were farmers. In a factory, people, including children, worked 12 hour days at boring tasks. More and more factory goods were available for purchase. In 1830 there were 350,000 factory workers but by 1860 there were 2,000,000.

Working Conditions for Women and Children Children on farms were expected to help their parents work the fields and care for the home. On the farm women: Worked in the field Took care of livestock Cooked Cleaned the home Made clothes Cared for children In cities women worked as: Servants Laundresses Cooks Factory workers Many city children worked long hours in factories or mines

The South Slaves were used to grown cotton and other products The cotton gin extended slavery by making it profitable to grow cotton Because cotton was so profitable industry never developed The South was behind the North in the number of railroads, factories, and schools. Most people were small farmers A small number of wealthy planters controlled government and economy Slave Population

The Peculiar Institution: Southern Slavery Most Southerners owned no slaves Slaves lived in very primitive conditions with simple food Some slaves were skilled laborers Slaves could marry and have children 1808 slave trade became illegal so children became the way to get new slaves Slaves had no rights; could be beaten or sold away from their families Most slaves held on to their rich African heritage through music, religion, and folklore.

Free Blacks 1780 Pennsylvania abolished slavery, the 1st state to do so. In 1800 100,000 Free Blacks lived in the U.S. In 1810 3/4th of all African Americans in the North were free. By 1860 only 10% of all African Americans (500,000) were free. Free Blacks, mostly in North and West, still faced racial prejudice. Free Blacks faced continued discrimination as job competition increased. Compare the two graphs

Sectionalism Sectionalism: the idea that people felt more loyalty to the region they lived in than the United States as a whole.