Population and Demographics Unit 4 Population and Demographics

Population by Years 1000 AD – 500 million people 1800 AD – 1 billion people 2009 AD – 6.2 billion people 2025 AD – 7.8 billion people 2050 AD – 9 billion people WHAT FACTORS ARE CAUSING POPULATION TO EXPLODE?

Birth/Death Rates Birth rates have out paced death rates. Birth rate – number of births per year for every 1000 people. Death rate – number of deaths per year for every 1000 people.

Reasons for Increased Birth Rates & Decreased Death Rates Better Health Care More Abundant Food

Population Distribution About 30% of the Earth’s surface is land, but only a small part of that land can be used for human settlement. Humans tend to gravitate towards regions with fertile soil, available water, natural resources, employment opportunities, and mild climates. Most of Earth’s population is in Europe & Asia.

Population Density Asia has the most densely populated areas on Earth. Europe is the most densely populated continent. The most densely populated area of the U. S. is Boston-New York-Philadelphia-Washington, D. C. Megalopolis.

Why do people continue to migrate even with overcrowding? Move from rural to urban (country to city) for job opportunities. Move to escape devastation of war or natural disaster. Move to get an education. Move because of lack of water or food. PEOPLE FEEL THEY HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO MIGRATE!

Urbanization – Why? PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS Decreasing amount of farmland means people have less chance of growing food for their families or making a living farming. Danger! No access to a more convenient life or technology No access to governmental assistance PULL FACTORS People move to cities to find jobs to buy food they need for their families People move because more housing is available Safety! Government assistance for life Better opportunities for families. Today, more than half the world’s population lives in cities (urban areas). The reasons for people living in cities has not changed!

Types of Population Pyramids

Population growth is rapid. Expansive population pyramids show larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups, usually with each age group larger in size or proportion than the one born before it. Population growth is rapid.

Population growth is negative. Constrictive population pyramids display lower numbers or percentages of younger people. Population growth is negative.

Population growth is neutral or stable. Stationary or near-stationary population pyramids display somewhat equal numbers or percentages for almost all age groups. Of course, smaller figures are still to be expected at the oldest age groups. Population growth is neutral or stable. http://www.destatis.de/bevoelkerungspyramide/ http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Population%20Pyramid%20-%20Australia

How to Read a Population Pyramid Width of the Base birth rate varies with the width of the base.  A wide base indicates a high birth rate and a narrow base indicates a low birth rate.

How to Read a Population Pyramid Symmetry statistically speaking pyramids should be relatively symmetrical any asymmetry indicates a difference in the male and female population this pyramid shows more females at age ranges above 50 which indicates that women are living to older ages than males

How to Read a Population Pyramid Shape of Sides Concave sides indicate a high death rate and convex sides indicate a low death rate this population pyramid exhibits concave sides indicating a high death rate

How to Read a Population Pyramid Bumps in the sides irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic anomaly the 30 -50 age group in the population pyramid at the right represents the baby boom this bump will travel upward as the baby boomers age Bumps in the sides irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic anomaly the large numbers of working aged men in the pyramid to the left indicates a migrant workforce

Main Tools for Comparison Per capita income Education level – Literacy Rate Life expectancy Population growth Death Rate Daily lifestyle purchasing power Economic Activities Employment opportunities/Unemployment level Where population lives General population’s health level/Health Care

Characteristics of Developed Countries 1. Average income per capita of the population is generally high. 2. Education level high for average population. 3. Life expectancy of the population is average to high. 4. Population growth rate per year is relatively small. 5. The death rate per year is relatively small. 6. Life-style market economy. 7. Many choices for employment featuring a low rate of unemployment. 8. Economic activity in most industrial sectors, as well as export commodities. 9. The majority of the population lives in cities. 10. Relatively high level of health. 11. Has all economic activity levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary)

Characteristics of Developing Countries 1. Average income per capita of the population is generally low. 2. Education levels are low. 3. Life expectancy tends to be mid to low. 4. Population growth rate per year is quite high. 5. The death rate is relatively high per year. 6. Economy based on small farms or small scale manufacturing. 7. Narrow choices for employment/high unemployment rate. 8. Commodity exports of raw materials rather than processed ingredients. 9. The majority of the population lives in rural areas. 10. Low levels of health. 11. Has only some economic activity levels Primary-Yes Secondary-Maybe Tertiary-Very little Quaternary-None

Developed or Developing? Dude A (age 30)– graduated high school; makes above the national average salary per year as a car salesman; likes buying DVDs; his parents are in their 70s; lives in the capital city of his country. Dude B (age 30) – farmer; attended school through the 8th grade; both parents have passed away; has a persistent cough; lives in countryside

Developed or Developing? Country Alpha- high population growth, most people live in rural area, exports coal, most people finish the 4th grade, high death rate Country Beta- high literacy rate, exports cell phones, low population growth, excellent health care system, very urban.

Sustainable Development Sustainable development is technological and economic growth that does not deplete the human and natural resources of a region. Economy is the wealth and resources of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services. Countries with better economies have realized that they cannot deplete their resources and continue to maintain a high standard of living. One easy way to decide between sustainable & unsustainable development is the amount of fossil fuels used. Many under developed countries can’t afford to plan for the future. Some culture hearths figured this principle out by utilizing crop rotation. Examples of societal failures because of no sustainable development: The Dinosaurs ate all their plants. The Mayans (Middle American Culture Hearth) disappeared because they over farmed their lands. The Roman Empire became to dependent on outside sources of food that when their colonies began to leave the empire, Rome was weakened. The Soviet Union collapsed in the 1990s because of inefficient use of their resources. The Chinese had a famine in the late 1950s & early 1960s because of poor farming practices.

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Economic Activities Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

Economic base for most developing countries Primary Activity Economic base for most developing countries

Economic basis for developed & some developing countries Secondary Activity Economic basis for developed & some developing countries

Tertiary Activity Found in all countries, but found widespread in developed countries

Quaternary Activity Usually found in highly- organized developed countries that have become dominated by the computer revolution.

Countries transition in this order: A developing country has primary activity. It develops secondary activity and focuses less on their own primary activity. a) when a country begins buying as many natural resources and they produce (primary activity), they are usually considered a developed country. 3) A developed country now needs more tertiary activities because more people are moving to their country because there are more jobs available. Developing countries have few people involved in tertiary activity. 4) A developed country becomes so complicated and diverse that they need quaternary activities to help society & business run more smoothly. A developing country would have no quaternary activity.