Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” Chapter 23 Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” 1871 - 1894

Coney Island fun: a Ferris wheel and onlookers. p. 704

Growth of Industrial Prosperity (2nd Industrial Revolution): New Products & New Markets Substitution of steel for iron (Henry Bessemer) Electricity Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan – light bulb Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) – telephone, 1876 Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901 Internal combustion engine: Automobile and airplane Henry Ford (1863-1947) – mass production Zeppelin airship, 1900 Wright brothers, 1903 New markets Increased wages Competition Cartels Precision tools

An Age of Progress. In the decades after 1871, the Second Industrial Revolution led many Europeans to believe that they were living in an age of progress when most human problems would be solved by scientific achievements. This illustration is taken from a special issue of the Illustrated London News celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897. On the left are scenes from 1837, when Victoria came to the British throne; on the right are scenes from 1897. The vivid contrast underscored the magazine’s conclusion: ‘‘The most striking . . . evidence of progress during the reign is the ever increasing speed which the discoveries of physical science have forced into everyday life. Steam and electricity have conquered time and space to a greater extent during the last sixty years than all the preceding six hundred years witnessed.’’ p. 706

New Patterns in an Industrial Economy Cycles of Capitalism Depression, 1873-1895 Economic boom after 1895 German Industrial Leadership Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe New areas of manufacturing Europe’s two economic zones Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia

Map 23.1: The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the Nineteenth Century. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Second Industrial Revolution—in steelmaking, electricity, petroleum, and chemicals—had spurred substantial economic growth and prosperity in western and central Europe; it also sparked economic and political competition between Great Britain and Germany. Q Look back at Map 20.2. What parts of Europe not industrialized in 1850 had become industrialized in the ensuing decades? Map 23-1, p. 709

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities “Right to work” Ideal of domesticity Sweatshops White-Collar Jobs Increased white-collar jobs creates shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for women Secretaries and teachers Domestic Servants Prostitution

New Jobs for Women: The Telephone Exchange. The invention of the telephone in 1876 soon led to its widespread use. As is evident from this illustration of a telephone exchange in Paris in 1904, most of the telephone operators were women. This was but one of a number of new job opportunities for women created by the Second Industrial Revolution. p. 711

Revisionary or Evolutionary Socialism and Trade Unionism French Socialist Jean Jaures (1859-1914) moved away from the German Marxism towards a French political revolutionary model to achieving a socialist society. German Socialist Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) Rejects worker revolution in light of using the democratic process to achieve socialism gradually. Trade Unionism in Britain Successful workers movement without revolution by using strikes and collective bargaining with employers to achieve reforms.

‘‘Proletarians of the World, Unite.’’ To improve their working and living conditions, many industrial workers, inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, joined working-class or socialist parties. Pictured here is a socialist-sponsored poster that proclaims in German the closing words of The Communist Manifesto: ‘‘Proletarians of the World, Unite!’’ p. 712

Emergence of a Mass Society Population Growth Decline in the death rate Medical discoveries and environmental conditions Improved publication sanitation Improved nutrition Increased emigration

Table 23-1, p. 714

Map 23.2: Population Growth in Europe, 1820–1900. Europe’s population increased steadily throughout the nineteenth century. Advances in medical science, hygiene, nutrition, living conditions, and standards of living help account for the population increase, even though emigration to the United States, South America, and other regions reduced the total growth numbers. Q Which regions experienced the greatest population growth between 1820 and 1900, and how can you account for this? Map 23-2, p. 715

Table 23-2, p. 716

Transformation of the Urban Environment Growth of cities / Urbanization Urban Reformers Edwin Chadwick, Rudolf Virchow Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease Buildings begin to be inspected for problems Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain Clean water into the city Expulsion of sewage out of the city Housing Needs Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living conditions to political and moral health of the nation V. A. Huber, German reformer Redesigning the cities; British Act of 1890 Construct new buildings Liberal principles of government don’t hold true

The Emigrants. In this painting from 1880, C. J. Staniland presented a sentimental image of the scene experienced by the tens of millions of Europeans who migrated to other parts of the world, especially the United States, Canada, and Latin America. In the painting, people are shown boarding a ship, saying farewell to family members and loved ones they might never see again. Ships were often crowded, making conditions uncomfortable during the journey. p. 716

The Social Structure of the Mass Society The Elite 5 percent of the population that controlled 40 percent of wealth An uneasy alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy The Middle Classes Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Middle class values came to dominate The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population Agriculture Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers 

Real Wages From 1850-1900 WC 400 ann. 800 ann. MC 10 k ann. 20 k ann. 1850 1900 WC 400 ann. 800 ann. MC 10 k ann. 20 k ann. UC 100 k ann. 1million

The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women Many women still aspired to the ideal of femininity Marriage the only honorable and available career Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control The Middle-class and Working-class Families Domesticity Leisure time and holiday traditions Daughters of working class families worked until married 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages Limit size of the family Reduced work week

Images of Everyday Life: The Middle-Class Family. p. 724

Images of Everyday Life: The Middle-Class Family. p. 724

Images of Everyday Life: The Middle-Class Family. p. 724

Education in the Mass Society After 1850, secondary education expanded Mass education in state-run systems States began to offer public education States assumed the responsibility for teacher training Liberal beliefs about education Personal and social development Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate Differences in education of boys and girls Demand for teachers Increased literacy Growth of newspapers

A Women’s College. Women were largely excluded from male-dominated universities before 1900. Consequently, women’s desire for higher education led to the establishment of women’s colleges, most of which were primarily teacher-training schools. This photograph shows female medical students dissecting cadavers in anatomy class at the Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 726

Mass Leisure Amusement parks Music and dance halls Thomas Cook (1808-1892) Pioneer of mass tourism Sports Became organized with rules Professional sports

Soccer Moments. Until 1863, football (soccer) in Britain was an aggressive sport with few set rules. One of the first things the new English Football Association did after it was established on October 26, 1863, was to set up fourteen rules of play. At the left, a sketch from a magazine called The Graphic shows a scene from an international soccer match in 1872. The two players with the ball have the rose of England on their shirts. At the right, another sketch from The Graphic shows the first match of the Ladies’ Football Club in 1895. p. 728

Soccer Moments. Until 1863, football (soccer) in Britain was an aggressive sport with few set rules. One of the first things the new English Football Association did after it was established on October 26, 1863, was to set up fourteen rules of play. At the left, a sketch from a magazine called The Graphic shows a scene from an international soccer match in 1872. The two players with the ball have the rose of England on their shirts. At the right, another sketch from The Graphic shows the first match of the Ladies’ Football Club in 1895. p. 728

Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy Reform in Britain: William Gladstone William Gladstone Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911 More people could run for office Reform in France Universal male suffrage in 1871 Radical republicans formed an independent government The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government Louis Michel (1830 – 1905) France will establish a Third Republic, 1875

The Growth of Political Democracy Spain King Alfonso XII Liberals and Conservatives Spanish-American War Barcelona 1909 Italy Had pretensions of great power status Sectional differences in Italy Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control

Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order Germany Trappings of parliamentary government 1871 constitution Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition Bismarck’s conservatism Kulturkampf Social Democratic Party, Social welfare programs Austria-Hungary Austrian constitution of 1867 Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage, 1907 Russia Alexander III, 1881-1894: Overturns reform and returns to repressive measures Nicholas II, 1894-1917: Believed in absolute rule

Bismarck and William II. In 1890, Bismarck sought to undertake new repressive measures against the Social Democrats. Disagreeing with this policy, Emperor William II forced him to resign. This political cartoon shows William II reclining on a throne made of artillery and cannonballs and holding a doll labeled ‘‘socialism.’’ Bismarck bids farewell as Germany, personified as a woman, looks on with grave concern. p. 732

Chronology, p. 734

Timeline, p. 735

Discussion Questions What were the major changes of the second industrial revolution on the lives of people? What were the changes in urban sanitation and health? How did the industrialization of society redesign the cities? What were the changes in education and leisure? Why is the “old order” so persistent in Central and Eastern Europe?