(1B) Methods of representing and measuring data electronically

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Data Communication Topics to be discussed:  Data Communication Terminology.  Data Transmission Signals.  Data Transmission Circuits.  Serial & Parallel.
Advertisements

1 Physical Layer: Data Encoding & Transmission. 2 Network Interface Card (NIC) LL in part, PL in total are implemented in NIC –Ethernet card, card,
Transmission Characteristics 1. Introduction (Information Interchange codes) 2. Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmissions 3. Error detection (bit errors)
Review on Networking Technologies Linda Wu (CMPT )
FILES, DATA, AND SIGNALS FILE HAMLET. TXT USER DATA
Data Communications Chapter 6 The Data Communications Interface.
Chapter 8 COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORK
Data transmission refers to the movement of data in form of bits between two or more digital devices. This transfer of data takes place via some form.
Network Hardware for Expanding Network. Expanding Networks When do we need expansion:  Network cable is full of data movements  Printing tasks needs.
331: STUDY DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS.  1. Discuss computer networks (5 hrs)  2. Discuss data communications (15 hrs)
Multiplexer Multiplexing FDM TDM WDM Front-End Processor Controllers.
Transmission Modes Serial Transmission  One bit is transmitted on a circuit at a time  Usually there is one transmit circuit and one receive circuit.
Midterm Review - Network Layers. Computer 1Computer 2 2.
AS Computing F451 F451 Data Transmission. What data is transmitted? Phone SMS Radio TV Internet.
6.1. Communication Methods Revision using Qwizdom.
Data Communication. 2 Data Communications Data communication system components: Message Message Information (data) to be communicated. Sender Sender Device.
Chapter 7 Networking: Computer Connections. Networks n Network - a computer system that uses communications equipment to connect two or more computers.
Chapter-4/5-1CS331- Fakhry Khellah Term 081 Chapter 4 (Only 4.2 – 4.3) Digital Transmission.
Chapter 2 – X.25, Frame Relay & ATM. Switched Network Stations are not connected together necessarily by a single link Stations are typically far apart.
Internet Addresses. Universal Identifiers Universal Communication Service - Communication system which allows any host to communicate with any other host.
Communication Networks Fourth Meeting. Types of Networks  What is a circuit network?  Two people are connected and allocated them their own physical.
Circuit & Packet Switching. ► Two ways of achieving the same goal. ► The transfer of data across networks. ► Both methods have advantages and disadvantages.
ECS 152A 4. Communications Techniques. Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission Timing problems require a mechanism to synchronize the transmitter and.
1 CHAPTER 8 TELECOMMUNICATIONSANDNETWORKS. 2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunications: Communication of all types of information, including digital data,
ICOM 6115©Manuel Rodriguez-Martinez ICOM 6115 – Computer Networks and the WWW Manuel Rodriguez-Martinez, Ph.D. Lecture 13.
The Principle of Electronic Data Serial and Parallel Data Communication Transmission Rate Bandwidth Bit Rate Parity bits.
1 Transmission of Digital Data : Interface and Modems.
AS Computing Data transmission. Basic data transmission Baud The rate that the voltage changes is called the Baud. If the voltage changes 10 times every.
Digital Interfaces An interface links two devices Interface Standards define: – mechanical specifications - how many wires & connector type –electrical.
FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORKING
Unit 1 Lecture 4.
Chapter 7 Channel organization. Group members  Bilal Ahmed  Mehmal javed  Faisal khan janjua  Harris bashir.
WAN Transmission Media
Data Communication. 2 Data Communications Data communication system components: Message Message Information (data) to be communicated. Sender Sender Device.
Data Communication & Networking. Data communication Not to be confused with telecommunication –Any process that permits the passage from a sender to one.
Why Is It All?  A Network is a set of connected devices. Whenever we have multiple devices, we have the problem of how to connect them to make one-to-one.
Data and Computer Communications Digital Data Communications Techniques + Error Control+ Digital Data Communications Techniques + Error Control+Multiplexing.
Data Transmission We need to know about the following: Synchronous & Asynchronous Error Checking CSMA/CD Wireless Connections Network Interface Cards.
Serial Communications
UNIT 4 NETWORK ENVIRONMENTS.
Network Hardware for Expanding Network
William Stallings Data and Computer Communications
Data Communication IT-402.
Intro to MIS – MGS351 Network Basics
Chapter 4 Computer Networks – Part 2
3 Computing System Fundamentals
Introduction to Networking & Telecommunications
Transmission Modes The term transmission mode to refer to the manner in which data is sent over the underlying medium Transmission modes can be divided.
Network Basics Extended Learning Module E
Network Concepts Devices
DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Packetizing Error Detection
Asynchronous Serial Communications
Packetizing Error Detection
Switching Techniques In large networks there might be multiple paths linking sender and receiver. Information may be switched as it travels through various.
DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Chapter Nine: Data Transmission
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networks
Packetizing Error Detection
Chapter 2 Transmission Basics.
Data Communication.
BASIC TYPE OF DATA TRANSMISSION:
Chapter 9 Transmission Modes
Basics of Telecommunications and Networks
communications system
William Stallings Data and Computer Communications
Data Link Layer. Position of the data-link layer.
Introduction Communication Modes Transmission Modes
Switching.
Presentation transcript:

(1B) Methods of representing and measuring data electronically

For this section you must understand: Representing data electronically. Understand the different ways that data can be represented electronically eg: bits bytes protocol data units Different types of terminal equipment. Understand the terminology: data terminal equipment (DTE) data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). Transmission types. Understand the different transmission types used to transmit data: synchronous asynchronous packet verses circuit switching.

Ways that data can be represented electronically Computers use binary - the digits 0 and 1 - to store data. A binary digit, or bit, is the smallest unit of data in computing. It is represented by a 0 or a 1. Binary numbers are made up of binary digits (bits), eg the binary number 1001. The circuits in a computer's processor are made up of billions of transistors. A transistor is a tiny switch that is activated by the electronic signals it receives. The digits 1 and 0 used in binary reflect the on and off states of a transistor.

Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes and Gigabytes Bits can be grouped together to make them easier to work with. A group of 8 bits is called a byte. Other groupings include: Nibble - 4 bits (half a byte) Byte - 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) - 1024 bytes (or 1024 x 8 bits) Megabyte (MB) - 1024 kilobytes Gigabyte (GB) - 1024 megabytes Terabyte (TB) - 1024 gigabytes

Protocol data units & packets When two computer programs send information between them they need to split the data in separate units ready to transmit across the network. These are known as Protocol Data Units or PDUs. There are many different types of PDU but we are going to focus here on Packets. To start with an example lets examine how an email can be sent across the network. When you send an email the network breaks the email message into many parts each with a certain size defined in bytes. The longer the message the more packets it will take to send the message.

Three parts to a packet Each packet is split into three parts. + Header + Data + Trailer The header contains the addressing information that tells the network where the packet has come from and where it is going amongst some other information such as which application sent the data and the order in which the packets should be reassembled (this is covered in more detail later). The data portion of the packet contains a section of data that needs to be reassembled when received to understand what data is being sent The trailer contains a simple message to indicate the end of the packet as well as some data that can be used to detect errors in transmission (again this will be covered in more detail later).

Fixed size Packets have defined sizes. The example below shows how a packet can be split into 1KB packet. Don’t forget that one piece of data will be split into multiple packets and each will be numbered.

If we use the example above to help and we want to send the picture below across the network and we presume that each pack is limited to 1KB in size The initial image is 3584bits in size. This is too large to be sent over the network in one pack so it needs to be split. If we consider the Header and Trailer added to each packet we can say that the end message will take up a total of 4096 bits of transmitted data. Packet 1 – 96 bits header, 896 data, 32 bits trailer Packet 2 – 96 bits header, 896 data, 32 bits trailer Packet 3 – 96 bits header, 896 data, 32 bits trailer Packet 4 – 96 bits header, 896 data, 32 bits trailer 896 multiplied by 4 is 3584

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) is any equipment that is either a source or destination for digital data. DTE do not generally communicate with each other to do so they need to use DCE to carry out the communication. DTE does not need to know how data is sent or received; the communications details are left to the DCE. A typical example of DTE is a computer. Other common DTE examples include: Printers File and application servers PCs Dumb Terminals Routers

Data Communications equipment (DCE) Data Communications Equipment (DCE) can be classified as equipment that transmits or receives analogue or digital signals through a network. DCE works by taking data generated by Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and converting it into a signal that can then be transmitted over a communications link. A common DCE example is a modem which works as a translator of digital and analogue signals. Other common DCE examples include: ISDN adapters Satellites (including base stations) Microwave stations NIC (network interface cards)

Data Transmission Data transmission refers to the movement of data in form of bits between two or more digital devices. This transfer of data takes place via some form of transmission media (for example, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wifi etc.)

Parallel Transmission In parallel transmission, all the bits of data are transmitted simultaneously on separate communication lines. In order to transmit n bits, n wires or lines are used. Thus each bit has its own line. All n bits of one group are transmitted with each clock pulse from one device to another i.e. multiple bits are sent with each clock pulse. Parallel transmission is used for short distance communication. As shown below, eight separate wires are used to transmit 8 bit data from sender to receiver.

Advantage of parallel transmission   It is speedy way of transmitting data as multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously with a single clock pulse. Disadvantage of parallel transmission It is costly method of data transmission as it requires n lines to transmit n bits at the same time.

Serial Transmission When transferring data between two physically separate devices, especially if the separation is more than a few kilometres, for reasons of cost, it is more economical to use a single pair of lines. Data is transmitted as a single bit at a time using a fixed time interval for each bit. This mode of transmission is known as bit-serial transmission. In serial transmission, the various bits of data are transmitted serially one after the other. It requires only one communication line rather than n lines to transmit data from sender to receiver. Thus all the bits of data are transmitted on single line in serial fashion. In serial transmission, only single bit is sent with each clock pulse. As shown in fig., suppose an 8-bit data 11001010 is to be sent from source to destination. Then least significant bit (LSB) i,e. 0 will be transmitted first followed by other bits. The most significant bit (MSB) i.e.1 will be transmitted in the end via single communication line. The internal circuitry of computer transmits data in parallel fashion. So in order to change this parallel data into serial data, conversion devices are used. These conversion devices convert the parallel data into serial data at the sender side so that it can be transmitted over single line. On receiver side, serial data received is again converted to parallel form so that the interval circuitry of computer can accept it

Advantage of Serial transmission   Use of single communication line reduces the transmission line cost by the factor of n as compared to parallel transmission. Disadvantages of Serial transmission Use of conversion devices at source and destination end may lead to increase in overall transmission cost. This method is slower as compared to parallel transmission as bits are transmitted serially one after the other.

Types of Serial Transmission There are two types of serial transmission-synchronous and asynchronous both these transmissions use 'Bit synchronization' Bit Synchronization is a function that is required to determine when the beginning and end of the data transmission occurs. Bit synchronization helps the receiving computer to know when data begin and end during a transmission. Therefore bit synchronization provides timing control.

Asynchronous  Asynchronous transmission sends only one character at a time where a character is either a letter of the alphabet or number or control character i.e. it sends one byte of data at a time. Bit synchronization between two devices is made possible using start bit and stop bit. Start bit indicates the beginning of data i.e. alerts the receiver to the arrival of new group of bits. A start bit usually 0 is added to the beginning of each byte. Stop bit indicates the end of data i.e. to let the receiver know that byte is finished, one or more additional bits are appended to the end of the byte. These bits, usually 1s are called stop bits.

Addition of start and stop increase the number of data bits Addition of start and stop increase the number of data bits. Hence more bandwidth is consumed in asynchronous transmission. There is idle time between the transmissions of different data bytes. This idle time is also known as Gap The gap or idle time can be of varying intervals. This mechanism is called Asynchronous, because at byte level sender and receiver need not to be synchronized. But within each byte, receiver must be synchronized with the incoming bit stream. c

Application of Asynchronous Transmission Asynchronous transmission is well suited for keyboard type- terminals and paper tape devices. The advantage of this method is that it does not require any local storage at the terminal or the computer as transmission takes place character by character. Asynchronous transmission is best suited to Internet traffic in which information is transmitted in short bursts. This type of transmission is used by modems.

Advantages of Asynchronous transmission 1. This method of data transmission is cheaper in cost as compared to synchronous e.g. If lines are short, asynchronous transmission is better, because line cost would be low and idle time will not be expensive. 2. In this approach each individual character is complete in itself, therefore if character is corrupted during transmission, its successor and predecessor character will not be affected. 3. It is possible to transmit signals from sources having different bit rates. 4. The transmission can start as soon as data byte to be transmitted becomes available. 5. Moreover, this mode of data transmission in easy to implement.

Disadvantages of asynchronous transmission 1. This method is less efficient and slower than synchronous transmission due to the overhead of extra bits and insertion of gaps into bit stream. 2. Successful transmission inevitably depends on the recognition of the start bits. These bits can be missed or corrupted.

Synchronous Transmission • Synchronous transmission does not use start and stop bits. • In this method bit stream is combined into longer frames that may contain multiple bytes. • There is no gap between the various bytes in the data stream.

• In the absence of start & stop bits, bit synchronization is established between sender & receiver by 'timing' the transmission of each bit. • Since the various bytes are placed on the link without any gap, it is the responsibility of receiver to separate the bit stream into bytes so as to reconstruct the original information. • In order to receive the data error free, the receiver and sender operates at the same clock frequency.

Application of Synchronous transmission   • Synchronous transmission is used for high speed communication between computers. Advantage of Synchronous transmission This method is faster as compared to asynchronous as there are no extra bits (start bit & stop bit) and also there is no gap between the individual data bytes.

Disadvantages of Synchronous transmission   It is costly as compared to asynchronous method. It requires local buffer storage at the two ends of line to assemble blocks and it also requires accurately synchronized clocks at both ends. This lead to increase in the cost. The sender and receiver have to operate at the same clock frequency. This requires proper synchronization which makes the system complicated.

Comparison between Serial and Parallel transmission

Comparison between Asynchronous and Synchronous.

Packet verses Circuit switching Packet-switched networks move data in separate, small blocks -- packets -- based on the destination address in each packet. When received, packets are reassembled in the proper sequence to make up the message. Circuit-switched networks require dedicated point-to- point connections during calls. Circuit-switched networks have been typically been used for phone calls and packet-switched networks typically handled data. But because of the reach of phone lines and the efficiency and low cost of data networks, the two technologies have shared responsibilities for years.