10 Reproductive Choices

Reproductive Choices Conception Birth Control Abortion Process Birth Control Considerations Available methods Abortion Types and method Pregnancy and Birth Process of pregnancy and birth

Conception Sperm Egg Infant

What must happen before conception? Conception (cont’d.) What must happen before conception? Spermatogenesis Creation of sperm in male Egg Release Every month, woman releases an egg into the fallopian tubes and it travels to uterus Fertilization Sperm must travel from vagina, through uterus and up fallopian tube to fertilize egg

After the egg has taken the sperm into its nucleus: Conception (cont’d.) After the egg has taken the sperm into its nucleus: Cell Division Zygote, fertilized egg, divides to form blastocyst Implantation Blastocyst burrows into endometrium of uterus

Abstinence and Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity Abstain from vaginal intercourse and sexual activity that could result in conception Outercourse Kissing, hugging, sensual touching, mutual masturbation Nearly 100 percent effective, but if man ejaculates near vagina, sperm can swim up and fertilize egg Female health benefits – Less likely to get STI, suffer infertility, or develop cervical cancer

Contraception When choosing contraceptive method, consider these factors with your partner  Effectiveness Suitability Side effects Safety Future fertility Reduced risk of sexually transmitted infections

Birth Control in the United States Figure 10.2. Comparing Effectiveness of Birth Control Measures

Birth Control on Campus

Barrier Contraceptives Condoms Male & Female Spermicide Suppos-itory Gel Sponge Film

Condoms Reasons for Failure Primary reason: Not using condom every time Careless removal Allowing genital contact before placement Breakage To Consider Not 100% effective STI protection Some men experience erectile dysfunction

Contraceptive Sponge Failure 15-25 pregnancies per 100 women Rate To Consider Not reliable protection against STI Must remain in place for 6 hours after intercourse May be less effective in women who have had children

Vaginal Spermicides and Film Failure Rate Varies with method Suppositories 10-25% failure Film with condom 100% effective To Consider Must apply new film or spermicide before every intercourse Women should shower, not bathe, after sex Must follow directions

Prescription Barriers Diaphragm Cervical Cap FemCap

Prescription Barriers (cont’d.) Failure Rate 95-98 percent effective when used with spermicide Cervical Cap Must remain in place 6 hours after intercourse Must reapply spermicide for each intercourse Not effective without spermicide

Hormonal Contraceptives Must Use Consistently Oral Contraceptives Implant Patch Ring Injection

Oral Contraceptives Failure Rate 2-5 pregnancies per 100 women To Consider Does not protect from STI Must be taken at the same time daily Antibiotics reduce effectiveness Should have tests before beginning: Blood pressure Blood work and urine sample Breast and pelvic exam

Contraceptive Patch Failure Rate 1-5 pregnancies per 100 women To Consider Does not protect from STI Risk of blood clot two times higher than oral contraceptive Must apply new patch every week And check that patch is still in place every day

Contraceptive Vaginal Rings (CVRs) Failure Rate 2-8 pregnancies per 100 women To Consider Does not protect from STI Must replace within 3 hours if it pops out Not effective if use oil-based vaginal medications

Intrauterine Contraceptives Failure Rate Less than one pregnancy per 100 women To Consider No protection from STI Provides five years of contraception Should check monthly for string May take up to one year for fertility to return after removal

Contraceptive Injection Failure Rate 2-8 pregnancies per 100 women To Consider Does not protect from STI Triples the risk for chlamydia and gonorrhea Not recommended for more than two year use because of bone effects Delayed return of fertility

Contraceptive Implants Failure Rate 99% effective To Consider No protection from STI Causes changes in appetite and sex drive May cause depression and ovarian cysts

Fertility Awareness Methods Failure Rate 15 - 25 pregnancies per 100 women To Consider No protection from STI Must abstain or use contraception 8-11 days/ month May not work for women with irregular cycles Takes planning and scheduling

Emergency Contraception Success Rate Reduces pregnancy risk by 89% if taken within five days of unprotected sex To Consider Does not require prescription No protection from STI Must be taken no later than 120 hours after intercourse No effect once pregnancy is established

Sterilization Failure Rate Less than one pregnancy per 100 women To Consider No protection against STI Must use another form of birth control for three months after procedure Procedure is permanent

Abortion Types of Abortion Complications Medical abortion – medication induces labor Suction curettage – laminaria inserted and uterine contents drawn out Dilation and evacuation – 2nd trimester, open cervix and remove fetus Complications Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Excessive bleeding Possible shock and death (2nd trimester)

Preconception care is important for health of mother and baby. Pregnancy Preconception care is important for health of mother and baby. Diet, alcohol, drugs, smoking, illness, infection and exposure to toxins can all affect a pregnancy and birth

Pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks, divided into three-month trimesters Pregnancy (cont’d.) Pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks, divided into three-month trimesters Changes Milk glands and ducts in breasts change Growing uterus pushes on bladder Skin stretches Internal organs shift

Complications of Pregnancy Frequency Treatment Premature Labor 10% Recognize signs of labor and get help Genetic Disorders Varies Genetic testing before pregnancy Infections Vaccinate for rubella STI testing Miscarriage 10-20% Check for genetic cause Ectopic Pregnancy 2%

Childbirth 1. Latent Phase 2. 2nd Stage 3. 3rd Stage Contractions last 15-30 seconds and occur 15-20 minutes apart Usually not uncomfortable 2. 2nd Stage Strong contractions last 60-90 seconds Cervix completely dilated Baby moves into vagina and out of mother’s body 3. 3rd Stage Uterus expels placenta

Infertility Infertility affects one in six couples in the United states Options include: Artificial insemination Assisted reproductive technology Adoption

Chapter Summary Describe Identify Evaluate Discuss Understand Process of human reproduction Identify Factors to consider and discuss with your partner Evaluate Types of contraceptives Discuss The processes of abortion, pregnancy, and childbirth Understand Alternative options available for infertile couples