Racial identity White Racial identity

WHAT IS Racial Identity? One definition is given as: - “racial identity is defined as a sense of group or collective identity based on one’s perception that he or she shares a common heritage with a particular racial group.” www.questia.com/sociology-and-anthropology/cultures

Ethnic identity Racial identity should not be confused with ethnic identity as ethnic identity can be defined: - “The extent to which one identifies with a particular ethnic group(s). Refers to one’s sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the part of one’s thinking, perceptions, feelings and behaviour that is due to ethnic group membership.” www.uky.edu/classes Therefore it can be argued that even within racial groups people can identify themselves as different due to ethnic heritage

White racial identity theory In 1990 Professor Janet Helm’s Phd, produced her theory of White Racial Identity. The aim of this work was to “raise awareness in White people about their part in roles that maintained a racist society” and their need to be part of the process in dismantling it It also introduced the concept of White Privilege.

Definitions of White privilege “White privilege refers to the myriad of social advantages, benefits, and courtesies that come with being a member of the dominant race.” Richard Delgardo & Jean Stefancic (2001) “White privilege is the ability for Whites to maintain an elevated status in society that masks racial inequality.” M. Anderson, H. Taylor & K. Logio This concept should not be confused with individual racism or group feelings of white supremacy.

The stages of white Racial identity model Helm’s model gave 6 stages of white racial identity model stage 1 Contact: Unaware of racism in regards to themselves Curiosity/fear of people is based on stereotypes which has been internalised by peers, family or the media. Currently lacks awareness of White privilege and how they benefit from it.

The stages of white Racial identity model (cont.) Stage 2 disintegration A new understanding of the inequalities faced by other racial groups, this insight is usually gained by interactions with other groups. This new found knowledge brings guilt and shame as they process their own racial prejudices ie “ some of my friends at work are black we get on so well, but I wouldn’t want my son or Daughter marrying one, but I’m not racist.”

The stages of white Racial identity model (cont.) Stage 3 reintegration A person wants to be accepted by their own group and though they are aware of the inequalities they will blame the people of colour for the inequalities. i.e. “at least they have positive discrimination, we don’t.” The change in attitude is due to the emergence of shame and guilt over the acknowledgement of their White privilege. White superiority may be seen as they take on roles of supporting minorities groups; but this tends to be from the view point that the groups “need support and guidance” from the White superiors.

The stages of white Racial identity model (cont.) Stage 4 Pseudo-independent This stage normally occurs after a painful or insightful encounter . There is a change in the White person’s mindset they now want information from other parties about people of colour, they may use different mediums to gain new knowledge; this can come from media, interactions with people of colour( this interaction is usually limited to a select few) and research. They are moving away from what they have seen or been told by peers and family members. Increased interest in the similarities and differences between different racial groups. The feeling of alienation may arise from other White people due to their “active affiliation” with people of colour. This affiliation can provide insight onto the daily struggles of people of colour. They are aware of their White Privilege but continue to be part of the system/s that uphold this inequality. They may be viewed with suspicion by people of colour who are doubtful of what this white persons motives are.

The stages of white Racial identity model (cont.) Stage 5 Immersion\emersion A true willingness to confront their own beliefs, attitudes, bias acknowledgement of what they have gained from White privilege. Actively taking steps to combat racism, no longer through the eyes of White superiority.

The stages of white Racial identity model (cont.) STAGE 6 Autonomy Reduced feelings of guilt, are aware of their Whiteness. He or she is now more knowledgeable about racial, cultural and ethnic differences. The relationships they have with people of colour are more natural. The feelings of fear or intimidation that they had have now been replaced through their education and understanding of people of colour.

What can be helpful to counsellors in regards to White Racial identity A counsellor should know and value their race, ethnicity and culture if you have self awareness about who you are; you will be able to respect and value others. White counsellors should “recognise that values and attitudes towards others are inextricably linked to perceptions and beliefs about self.” Facing up to the past and one’s own racism can create a more positive and earnt view of white racial identity. Use supervision, peer groups and personal therapy to safely explore your own prejudices and stereotypes. Though it maybe uncomfortable white counsellors need to acknowledge the benefits that White privilege has handed to them from colonial and imperialist attitudes. Continual personal development through attending training on racial awareness, where counsellors can be educated whilst safely voicing their issues.

Things to consider in the counselling relationship White counsellor- client of colour Be aware of one’s own white privilege and how it might be perceived by people of colour . Check that they are comfortable to have a white counsellor. Consider your own viewpoint and the language you may use. The clients own experiences and how this could influence the working relationship. Black counsellor-white client The client may be at the stage of disintegration (lack of awareness, shame and recognition of White privilege) and this may impact on the relationship if the client feels unable to express their true feelings. Their only experiences of people of colour may be limited and their perceptions may be influenced by external forces.

References Richard Delgardo and Jean Stefancic : critical race theory: an introduction 2001 pg 78 M . Anderson, H. Taylor and K. Logio : sociology, the essentials 8th edition. Cengage learning pg 24 Janet helms : white racial identity theory 1990