Macromolecules * *

What are other elements would you expect to be on this list? The Atoms of Life The most frequently found atoms in the body are… Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes) What are other elements would you expect to be on this list? *

Roles of Molecules of Life Each macromolecule has one or more roles in living systems Structure Transport Information Production Energy *

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds = made of CARBON * *

Carbon Review (C) Carbon has 4 valence electrons Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds Usually bonds with C, H, O or N. Example: CH4(methane) C6H12O6 (glucose) *

Macromolecules Def: Large organic molecules Also called POLYMERS Broken apart by Hydrolysis reactions Made from Dehydration reactions Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS 4 Types in Living things: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) *

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates = sugar molecule Made of C,H,O 3 Types: A. monosaccharide (monomer) B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide *

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Also called “simple sugars” Examples: fructose galactose glucose (C6H12O6) - human fuel supply - what doesn’t get used = storage glucose *

Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar units → Made from dehydration reaction Examples: Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) glucose *

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Also Called “complex sugars” Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) - plants glycogen (beef muscle) - animals cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose *

Carbohydrates Functions of carbohydrates: 1. Energy source for plants & animals (glucose) 2. Short term energy storage 3. Structure (membranes, tissues, etc…) 4. Source of Carbon Example: Cellulose Used for structure of stems in plants and vegetables Humans can’t digest/Ruminants can (sheep/cow) Maintains digestive tract – FIBER (humans) *

Carbohydrate Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Monosa-ccharide Elements its made of Monomer Function(s) Example(s)   Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Monosa-ccharide Provide Energy to cells (short-term) Structure of membranes and tissues Sugars (glucose) Starches Glycogen *

Lipids Hydrophobic = hates water Structure: 3-Carbon backbone (glycerol) 3-Fatty Acid chains (hydrocarbon) - MONOMER Examples: 1. Triglycerides (polymer) 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Fats *

Lipids = = fatty acids = glycerol Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Saturated = max # of hydrogen used Unsaturated = NOT max # of hydrogen (double bonds w/carbon) H H-C----O glycerol O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = fatty acids O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = *

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats continued… Solid at room temperature Butter, animal fats (lard) Function: To make cholesterol Makes steroids (FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen, etc…) Membrane structure Build up of plaque (NOT GOOD!) Unsaturated Liquid at room temperature Fruits, Veggies, fish, corn oil, olive oil, etc… Function: to make membranes *

Lipids Functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against water loss 4. Chemical messengers (hormones/steroids) 5. Major component of membranes (cholesterol) *

Lipids Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Fatty Acid Elements its made of Monomer Function(s) Example(s)   Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Fatty Acid Energy Storage (long-term) Structure of membranes (triglycerides & cholesterol) Prevent Heat Loss Signaling (hormones/steroids) Fats Oils Waxes Steroids Hormones *

Proteins (Polypeptides) Made of Amino acids (monomer) 20 different kinds bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides) Occurs from a dehydration reaction Structure of Amino acid: Carbon surrounded by 1-Hydrogen group 1-Carboxyll group (COOH) 1-Amino Group (NH2) 1-Side group (R-group) 20 different R-groups = 20 different amino acids *

Protein Shape = Functional Proteins in a simple form (amino acid chain) do NOT function properly! Proteins need to be shaped, twisted, coiled Multiple polypeptides intertwined creates a functional protein Denaturation = protein loses shape/unraveled When denaturation occurs a protein loses its function Example: Cooking an egg *

Proteins (Polypeptides) 6 functions of proteins: 1. Provide Structure (hair, fur, muscles, etc…) 2. Long term nutrient storage 3. Transports oxygen using hemoglobin 4. Providing immunity (antibodies) 5. Conveys messages using hormones 6. Allow for cell metabolism using enzymes - enzymes speed up chemical reactions *

How Enzymes Work Enzymes Serve as a catalyst (speed up chemical reactions) Lower energy requirements (investments) Have specific binding sites for certain molecules Activation Sites

Enzyme Cycle

Protein Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur (sometimes) Elements its made of Monomer Function(s) Example(s)   Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur (sometimes) Amino Acid Structure (hair, fur, nails, muscle) Body Defense (antibodies) Transport Oxygen (hemoglobin) Convey messages (insulin) Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes) Enzymes Hormones Hemoglobin Antibodies *

Nucleic acids Two types (examples): a. Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA-double helix b. Ribonucleic acid RNA-single strand *

Nucleic acids Made of Nucleotides (monomer) Structure of a nucleotide phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogen base: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) *

Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose) *

Nucleic acids Structure of a nucleotide continued Nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds between phosphate and sugar “Sugar-Phosphate Backbone” Results in several combinations of nucleotide chains *

DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A *

Nucleic acids 3 Major Functions: 1. Store & Pass on genetic information from one generation to the next 2. Create proteins 3. Control all cell functions *

Nucleic Acid Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Nucleotide Elements its made of Monomer Function(s) Example(s)   Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotide Store & Pass Genetic Traits Create Proteins Control all Cell functions DNA RNA *