Crusades 1096-1270

Christ leading Crusaders into battle.

Western Wall 1st Temple built around 1000 BC by King Solomon. That temple was destroyed. In 538BC Jews built a second temple which was destroyed by Romans in 70 AD: The Western Wall is the last remaining wall of the Jew’s second temple that was destroyed by Romans.

Christians- Jerusalem is the site of Jesus life, preaching, and death & resurrection. It is the site of the original cross and sacred stone of Christ’s tomb. Holy Sepulcher : built 335 AD by Constantine. Site of tomb where Jesus was buried.

Outer room of Tomb of Jesus

Muslims believe that in 622AD, Muhammad took a journey from Mecca to Jerusalem. From this rock, he was lifted to heaven upon a white winged horse and spoke with Allah.

Dome of the Rock (687 AD)

Crusades 1096-1270

The Crusades were 8 wars that Christians fought against Muslims to recapture the Holy land of Jerusalem Purpose: To ensure safe travel for Christians to the Holy land & retake Jerusalem from the Muslims. Jerusalem was considered sacred by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Muslim Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire and they closed Jerusalem to all Christians. The Emperor of the Byzantine Empire asked Pope Urban II for help to defend against Muslim Turk invaders.

Pope Urban calls the First Crusade In 1095, Pope Urban II called for the 1st Crusade to recapture the Holy land from the Muslims. Pope Urban calls the First Crusade

Crusaders- people who went from Western Europe to fight for Christianity (to take up the cross). Why go? Hope of adventure, gain land, promised forgiveness for their sins if they went, serfs were offered freedom.

1st Crusade- Peasant Crusade-1096 Peter the Hermit: led the peasants Knights and peasants joined together. They were promised forgiveness for sins and to get into heaven if they died. 30,000 Crusaders left Europe shouting: "God wills it!"

First Crusade

Peter the Hermit Crusaders march to Holy land

Crusader

As they marched toward Jerusalem, they killed Jews and Muslims. They captured the city of Jerusalem and set up feudal kingdoms.

Crusader States

Second Crusade

3rd Crusade- King’s Crusade Pope Gregory VII called on kings to send armies. King Fredrick I from Germany, King Phillip II from France, and King Richard from England all sent their armies.

Third Crusade

They fought against the Muslims leader, Saladin. The Christians realized they could not win. King Richard and Saladin signed a treaty in 1192 that let Christians visit the Holy Land.

Kings Crusade

Third Crusade

4th Crusade The Byzantine city of Constantinople was destroyed by the Western Crusaders.

Results of the Crusades Trade Increased between Europe & Asia.: Crusaders brought back new products and ideas & people in Western Europe wanted them.

Results of the Crusades Decline in Feudalism- When lords fought and died in the Crusades, kings took back their land which made kings more powerful.   Revival of Knowledge: Western crusaders brought back copies of ancient Greek and Roman classics.

Christians lost control of the Holy Land forever. Holy Land remained under Muslim control. Many Jews were killed.

Christians, Jews, and Muslims still fight over the Holy Land.

The Crusades failed because: p.267 By 1291, Muslims had taken back all of the Holy Land and the Crusades had ended. The Crusades failed because: p.267 Crusaders had to travel long distances, many died on the way. Crusaders weren’t prepared to fight in Palestine’s hot desert climate. The Christians were outnumbered by the better organized Muslim fighters. Christian leaders fought amongst themselves and planned poorly.

Causes of the Crusades pg. 268 1. Turks take control of the Holy Land in 1071. 2. Turks threaten Constantinople in the 1090’s. 3. Byzantine emperor asks pope for help.

Effects of the Crusades p. 268 1. Trade between Europe and Asia increases. Europeans learned about new products from Asia. 2. Kings become more powerful. Nobles and knights died in Crusades, kings seized their lands. 3. Tension between Christians, Jews, and Muslims grow. Christians and Muslims learned about each others religions but also started distrust.