Introduction to Culture and Diversity MGP2278 Cross Cultural Management & Communication Peninsula Campus

Introduction to MGP2278 Welcome! Contact details: Mutual expectations: Dr Chan Cheah Chan.cheah@monash.edu Dr Wendy Bell wendy.bell@monash.edu Mutual expectations: (Yours/Ours) (Times, phones, classes, assignments) ICEBREAKER: “The Naming Game” 15 minutes “Naming Game”: Students write down their full names and as an introduction tell the class about their names, eg Wendy (hopefully not Peter Pan &Wendy): June (birth month) : Bell (Scots): (Riedel (German) maiden name). Leads into next slides on multiculturalism and 2011 Census

What is Multiculturalism? Do we have it in Australia? … variety of cultures co-exist harmoniously … free to maintain distinctive religious, linguistic or social customs … equal in access to resources and services, civil rights and political power and … sharing with the rest of society particular concerns and values. (Commonwealth of Australia, Discussion Paper on Multicultural Education p.18 undated

Why study culture & diversity? Australian Census 2011 75% + have an ancestry other than Australian About 2% Indigenous background 43% parent born overseas 30% were born in another country (UK, NZ, China) 200 birthplaces., Over 200 languages. (About 16% speak an Indigenous language, or Chinese, Italian, Greek and Arabic. About 61% identify as Christian (Catholic; Anglican; Uniting Church; Presbyterian and Reformed; and Eastern Orthodox. Buddhism (2.4% of the population), Islam (2.1%), Hinduism (1.28%) and Judaism (0.45%). About 7,361 Australians practise Aboriginal traditional religions. About 22% of Australians have no religion. http://www.racismnoway.com.au/about-racism/population/

“Tell me what I need to do to communicate with them?” Is it …? Shopping list All I need to know to work with the”others Knowledge ABOUT culture\ Self-Awareness Empathy Good Communicator “My culture is not superior … he/she is not the “other” but a human being … listen and show respect”

Brainstorming Team Exercise What has been your experience with Problem Based Learning (PBL) Prior learning – knowledge recap – only need to show those needed to clarify or revise – 15 mins all up Based on your current knowledge & experiences

Revisit Problem Based Learning Connecting Learning to Real World Uses Discovery Learning Problem Based Learning Challenge Based Learning Bring PBL into practical organisational training practice context ……

The PBL Approach Use various techniques to execute each step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Define the Problem Statement Analyse the Problem’s underlying concepts Identify the concepts needed in problem solving Formulate learning goals for this problem solving Collect more info  conduct literature research to address the problem solving Synthesize/design, validate & share the solution Debrief – Reflect and evaluate whether learning goals were achieved & improvement areas Use various techniques to execute each step

Lessons or problem solving may interlink 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lesson 2 Lesson 1 Meta Learning (hence be mindful) about How concepts extend into or interrelate with other concepts

Group Presentation Assessment Criteria Evidence of Concepts Discovery 1 Evidence of Problem Statement 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (1) Presentations (2) Supporting Reports Evidence of Problem Analysis Concepts Used 3 Evidence of Problem Solving Concepts Used 4 Summary Brief : 1-5 pages Body : Info organisation quality Evidence of Meta Thinking - Recognising Learning Goals 5 Evidence of Literature Reference 6 (3) Learning Reflection Summary Evidence of Solution Design & Validation 7 8 Debrief Notes Learning Development

From Team Performance Evidence to Knowledge Repository Past cross units knowledge, Class Discussions & Resources Your Team’s Performance Outputs: Group Presentations & Supporting Documents Your Team’s Learning Product Outcome: Team Knowledge Base Learning Processs Learning Portfolio Media 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Your choice Paper Based File Or Digital Blog Outcome KPI Portfolio Quality % Appropriate structure Effective design Contents quality Explicit team collaboration & contributions Performance KPI On-time (12 mins) Presentation 20% Presentation + Q&A Quality 50% Supporting Report 20% Self Reflection – abstract of task 10% requirement; task execution strengths & weaknesses, improvement areas

Problem Statement: What can we learn about culture from this movie? Movie Trailer The true story www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6m7WLmAUeY Activity Plan Read the case and view the movie Present your analysis findings and answers to the questions in the case Learning Debriefing Discussions Refer to case instructions handout

Spotlight on Culture Spotlight lecture to highlight and guide their research and answers to questions in the Case.

What is Culture?? “... the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture” (Geert Hofstede, 1984) “Man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun” Clifford Geert, quoting Max Weber in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, 1977, Basic Books Classics, USA “Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language” (Williams 1983:87)

Culture – an information gap We live … in an INFORMATION GAP. Between what our body tells us and what we have to know to function, there is a vacuum and we must fill it ourselves. We fill it with information (or misinformation) provided by our culture … our ideas, our values, our acts, even our emotions, are … cultural products Clifford Geertz, 1973, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, Basic Books, NY p.55)

What is Orientalism? (It’s not about being Asian) Described by Edward Said as seeing people from “other” cultures as “foreign”, even as exotic objects to be studied by the “West” Said argued that this attitude promotes a fundamental Western “us” and Oriental “them” which hampers understanding across all cultures not simply oriental Similar to “Ethnocentrism” Said, Edward W., 1995, Orientalism, Penguin, London (First published in 1978)

Cultural Intelligence … seeing below the surface of the iceberg Understanding culture Thinking drivers Motivation drivers Behavioural drivers Edward T Hall (1959) Harvard Magazine, 2004: http://hbr.org/2004/10/cultural-intelligence/ar/1

Understanding cultural models as metaphor? machine (cogs in the wheel, driving the project?) human body (circulate, finger on the pulse) family (the parent company, paternalistic) natural world (at coalface, grass roots, drought) sport (shifting goal posts, level playing field) a system (inputs, outputs, feedback) arts (the big picture, a well conducted meeting) (Kaye, 1996) What is metaphor? What metaphors drive your cultural worldview? How we use metaphors to describe the world we are most familiar with

Mapping World Cultures the ‘West and the Rest’ http://www This to illustrate how small the “Anglo” sector is, where majority of management/leadership theories have developed. We will consider this frequently during the semester. Simcha Ronen and Oded Shenkar, (2013) “Mapping world cultures: Cluster formation, sources and implications”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.44 No.9, pp.867-897.

Culture & Diversity - its Existence forms Source: The Cultural Web - Aligning Your Organization's Culture with Strategy

Important Elements of a Worldview Shame vs guilt (can be individual vs collective) Task vs people Sacred vs secular (notion of cosmos filled with spiritual beings and forces vs natural causes) Role of living vs dead in daily life Good vs Evil Humans vs Nature Doing vs Being Linear vs cyclical life cycle Some of these in movie

Sociocultural factors defining our cultural worldview Political Ideology History Colonisation Art & Customs Technology Measure of Worth Law Religion Geography & Population Following slides backup if students need guidance

Brainstorming Team Exercise More on sociocultural determinants of culture Prior learning – knowledge recap – only need to show those needed to clarify or revise – 15 mins all up Based on your current knowledge & experiences

Political Ideology of Group or Nation Pancasila in Indonesia Cargo Cult PNG Democracy Socialism Code of moral principles Bushido = code of moral principles, 16th to 20th centuries, Confucian/Shinto/Zen Buddhism “way of the samurai”, (frugal, loyal, mastery martial arts, honour to death” Seppuku = ritual suicide (similar to hari kari) “cut to the abdomen”

Measuring Worth Valuing unique or Traditional knowledge Valuing $$ Cultural capital Valuing unique or Traditional knowledge Commercial capital Valuing $$ Growth vs contraction Valuing growth or progress Community well-being Valuing social & economic health

Law Natural justice versus “Rule of law”

History Pride and self-esteem from cultural history Aboriginal, Greek, Roman, Japanese Whether people previously colonised and sense of autonomy Thailand? Indonesia? Integration of historical and present realities Colonisation?

Attitudes to Technology Manual vs Mental Enhancing or Destroying Culture Adopt for Modernisation

Religion “Religion is a form of culture, as it accounts for much variation in norms, values, beliefs and behaviour (Cohen 2009) … however, religion does not equal culture, and culture does not necessarily include religion. Cultures also differ in what it means to be religious (McDaniel & Burnett, 1990). Ronen, Simcha and Shenkar, Oded, “Mapping world cultures: Cluster formation, sources and implications, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.44, No.9, December 2013, Palgrave Macmillan, UK Samuel P. Huntington (2011), The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon & Schuster, USA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SNicJRcUqs http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/opinion/04brooks.html?_r=0

Art and Customs Intrinsic value of art and customs as an expression of cultural identity, belonging and status within the society as a positive force for cultural maintenance and survival Commodification of art and customs extent to which cultural “goods’ are valued as commercial products

Geography and Population Physical geography makes a difference easy or hard to survive in a landscape language - number of words for “snow”/”rice” Isolation vs integration Population influences culture large population=big influence Numbers vs individuals

Key Questions What did you learn about culture? Did the movie demonstrate cultural differences between the samurai and others? How? What examples can you cite to demonstrate cultural intelligence? Can you give examples to explain Orientalism or ethnocentrism from the movie? What did “The Last Samurai” reveal about the cultural worldview and determinants of the culture of the Samurai at that time? What did it reveal about the United States at that time? What additional learning do alternative interpretations of the movie suggest? We will debrief at (time) MGP2278 session.

Debrief Learning Goals Topics Define the concept of culture & its major determinants Topic 1: Intro to culture & diversity 2. Examine the link between culture economic processes & organisations Topic 2: Cross culture mgt theories 3. Identify the impact of culture on organisational communication processes Topic 3: Cross culture communications 4. Analyse the influence of culture in business management practices in different cultural settings Topic 4: Negotiations across cultures Topic 5: Leadership & Motivation Topic 6: Decision Making Topic 7: Conflict Management Topic 8 & 9 : Governance & Social Responsibility Topic 10: International HRM Topic 11: International Strategy Planning 5. Apply cross culture knowledge to improve management & team performance Topic 12 : Global Issues