ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA ARCHITECTURE Dr. Wang Qi Department of Architecture and Built Environment

Between the rivers – the cradle of western history and architecture Irrigated by two rivers The earliest literary civilization State-cities

Sumerian State-Cities (4000 – 2350 BC) Eridu – the oldest known city 3800 BC The enlarged shrine standing on a HIGH PLATFORM

Sumerian State-Cities ZIGGURAT A massive step tower forming part of temple

Sumerian State-Cities Tepe Gawra, 4000 BC Two Temples, Shrine, Dwellings and Chambers SMALL SPACES, FLAT ROOF, NO COLUMNS

Sumerian State-Cities SUN-BAKED BRICKS AS MAIN MATERIAL

Changing rulers Akkadians, arrived at about 2350 BC, unified kingdom ruled by one warrior-king. Akkadian empire was short-life and was overthrown by Guti at 2150 BC. The Guti didn’t have power and skill to rule the land. Soon after less than one century, the reminiscent allegiances to Sumerian city-states returned – called Neo-Sumerian Period. The most famous city was Ur.

Neo-Sumerian Period (2150 – 2000 BC) Maze like residential district with courtyards everywhere Ur – a walled coastal city worshiping Nannar, the god of moon, located near the mouth of Euphrates

Neo-Sumerian Period (2150 – 2000 BC) A large Ziggurat in the middle of the city with stairs leading from three directions, buttressed wall and temple on the top Ur – a walled coastal city worshiping Nannar, the god of moon, located near the mouth of Euphrates

Hammurabi’s Babylon (1770 – 1595 BC)

Hittites – the north ruler (1370 – 1205 BC) Hattusa – the capital of Hittite Empire A strong fortified city built in mountain, by stone, clay and timber Followed topological feature Strong sense of defence To the south lay an outer city of about 1 km², with elaborate gateways decorated with reliefs showing warriors, lions, and sphinxes. Four temples were located here, each set around a porticoed courtyard, together with secular buildings and residential structures.

Hittites – the north ruler (1370 – 1205 BC) To the south lay an outer city of about 1 km², with elaborate gateways decorated with reliefs showing warriors, lions, and sphinxes. Four temples were located here, each set around a porticoed courtyard, together with secular buildings and residential structures. Hattusa – the capital of Hittite Empire A strong fortified city built in mountain, by stone, clay and timber Surroudned by hills and agriculture lands, and woods Plenty of building materials

Hittites – the north ruler (1370 – 1205 BC) is the earliest battle in recorded history for which details of tactics and formations are known. It was probably the largest chariot battle ever fought, involving perhaps 5,000–6,000 chariots Battle of Qadesh (1274 BC) Hitties army VS. Egypian Army of Ramesses II

Assyrian – the south ruler(2500 – 608 BC) Assyrians were great warrior. They controlled the south Mesopotamia after Babylon and great three great captials – Calah (Nimrud), Khorsabad (Dur-Sharrukin) and Nineveh (Kuyunjik) Lamassu – a middle east version of Centaur was their majestic icon.

Assyrian – the south ruler(2500 – 608 BC) Archaeology discovery made in middle of 19th century, distributed in many countries. Khorsabad by Sargon II, 720 BC Nineveh by King Sennacherib, 800 – 632 BC

Neo-Babylonian Empire (612 – 539 BC) Nebuchadnezzar II’s (604 – 562 BC) magic city Tower of Babel (a Ziggurat) and the hanging Garden forms the immortal impression of Babylon

Neo-Babylonian Empire (612 – 539 BC) The remains of Babylon has revealed us a grant city built by sun-baked bricks, with massive structure and small chambers.

Neo-Babylonian Empire (612 – 539 BC) The archaeological site of Babylon has reveal a fortified city riding over the Euphrates, with Ziggurat and temple in the middle, and palace offside on the north boundary.

Neo-Babylonian Empire (612 – 539 BC) Ishtar Gate the most significant architectural icon in Babylon A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin by material excavated by Robert Koldewey in the 1930s. 14M high and 30Mwide. The excavation ran from 1902 to 1914, and, 45 feet of the foundation of the gate was uncovered. and Babylonian goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex. If thou openest not the gate to let me enter, I will break the door, I will wrench the lock, I will smash the door-posts, I will force the doors. I will bring up the dead to eat the living. And the dead will outnumber the living. Parts of the gate and lions from the Processional Way are in various other museums around the world. Only four museums acquired dragons, while lions went to several museums. The Istanbul Archaeology Museum has lions, dragons, and bulls. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, Denmark, has one lion, one dragon and one bull. The Detroit Institute of Arts houses a dragon. The Röhsska Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden, has one dragon and one lion; the Louvre, the State Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich, the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Oriental Institute in Chicago, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut, each have lions. One of the processional lions was recently loaned by Berlin's Vorderasiatisches Museum to the British Museum

Neo-Babylonian Empire (612 – 539 BC) Nebuchadnezzar Portrait by William Blake (1757 – 1827) How Nebuchadnezzar looks like? – A fierce beast-man or A majestic King? Don’t let Bias affect your judgement in the History of Architecture

Persian Empire (550 – 330 BC) Darius’ Persepolis, 518 BC Highly decorated columns and beams High relief, rich decoration on architrave and complex capital Stone as main material Influence on Indian Architecture by military campaign of Alexander the Great 19th Century Reconstruction illustration by Flandin and Coste

Persian Empire (550 – 330 BC) Darius’ Persepolis, 518 BC High density of columns and small span Xerxes’ the Hall of a Hundred Columns is the largest space in the palace and can contain 10000 people in the 76.2M square room.

Persian Empire (550 – 330 BC) Gate of All Nations guarded by pair of Lamassus Load-bearing wall and beam Panorama View of Persepolis on which the remains of columns are obvious in distance