THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM What do we mean by Britain (the UK)? Not just England, of course? Why study Britain? (63m in the size of Oregon) What can it tell us about democracy and empire? About the loss of empire? What can it tell us about formal and informal institutions in democracies? What can it tell us about the EU and sovereignty om the modern age? What can the PM’s question hour tell us about some informal differences can have a big impact on leader behavior and ability: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-piEGTEYC4 (start at about 2:30; go to 6:00)

WHY DOES BRITAIN’S DEMOCRACY LOOK LIKE IT DOES? How will we talk about political history in this class?... Not comprehensively! Instead, we will focus on critical junctures and political system choices The Norman invasion (1066): Why is geography so important in the devel of UK and US democ? Today the UK = 60 million folks living on an island the size of Oregon King John and the Magna Carta (1215): Why isn’t the separation of powers or checks and balances, taxation only with input, or even the supremacy of law not enough to create a democracy? On the other hand, why is limiting the Crown’s power an important start even if no people’s body was involved the process? Henry VIII and the Reformation (1530s): Why was the separation from Catholicism so important to the growth of liberalism (vs. conservatism)? The English Civil War (1640s), Oliver Cromwell, & The Glorious Revolution (1688-89): Why are the masses to be feared if political change happens too quickly? Can a checked monarchy or institutionalized (versus a personalist) authoritarian system be better than democracy?

How did economic modernity, war, & decline create the present-day British political system? The Industrial Revolution (1760s-1860s) --> The “Great” Reform Act of 1832 (Some commoner men—10% of the pop—finally get to vote)… And change keeps slowly coming (1867=most men), and coming (1928, women) Abroad, the zenith of the UK empire is the 1870s…Any lessons for us about the nature of empire and rising/declining hegemons? Domination by the Commons (1911): Labour and the Conservatives/Tories consolidate their power… What, no constitutional convention to democratize Britain? How much can a democratic empire take and still survive? The end of colonial rule (20th Century); WW2 and the collectivist consensus (1945-1970s); The Era of Decline (1970s-1990s) Britain’s resurgence under Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) Two big catch-all parties and Labour’s (Tony Blair) Third Way? (1997-2010) A parliament that blends Thatcher and Blair: David Cameron pursues austerity from the center right coalition (Tories + Liberal Dems, 2010-2015) 2016: No parliamentary elections, but out goes Cameron with Brexit vote; enter Theresa May (55% approval rate going in vs. 28% for exiting Cameron). She goes for a super majority 2017, and now rules in a weak coalition.

HOW DOES THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION SET UP DEMOCRACY HOW DOES THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION SET UP DEMOCRACY? HOW ARE THINGS CHANGING? No written document (yet)… So what do they use?: Common law guides, but parliamentary laws are supreme My goodness, aren’t you glad we “don’t” do this? Tradition and norms guide a lot of what all democracies do What powers are exercised by the now mostly appointed House of Lords (life peers) and the Monarchy? Why not just toss these undemocratic actors out… Or at least start electing them? Actually, that might be a terrible idea No judicial review in most cases, but finally (2009) a Supreme Court of sorts…appellate powers, but no judicial review except for violation of intl agreements No Bill of “Rights” in the American sense (but the Council of Europe’s—diff than the EU--Convention on Human Rights applies… at least for now) The creation of a Federal Reserve-like board for monetary policy There’s some relatively new federalism (except… Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland, London, London and more cities over time) Will the crisis over Scotland change the UK permanently? Maybe… Hard for England to have it both ways. Brexit… Does leaving the EU change everything or does it change just a little (Like Norway, will the UK end up with benefits, obligations, and no say)?

HOW DOES THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION SET UP POWER? In many ways, Britain has your typical PM system, but… From your text: …”The Parliament is perhaps the most powerful legislature on Earth” The Prime minister is selected by the Commons… All 650 members of it (How many is too many reps?) All decisive Legislative and executive powers are fused into one: The Cabinet selected from the legislature itself. Separate heads of state (the monarch) & government (the PM) MP’s, have five-year, unfixed terms for legislature and the government (early elections, votes of no confidence, and the ability to replace PM’s with no elections) Is this governmental system … Which is what Madison, Washington, and Hamilton had in mind for the US… better than ours? What has Britain emphasized with respect to its democratic tradeoffs?

WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE COMMONS? A multi-country legislature…with national and regional (SNP) parties Why is the PM so strong?: The two-party system, the organization of power in the parliament, and the UK’s unique electoral laws…. Does question hour really weaken and humiliate the PM? What kind of leaders would the US have if we had this process? How do the shadow cabinets work? The size of the commons, its weak committees, its cabinet structure, and its unique cabinet rules (collective responsibility) Where is the UK like us and unlike many parliamentary system? How do its elections work? Plurality SMD (aka first-past the post, FPTP using gerrymandered districts). Elections happen at least every five years; within 6 weeks after a called election or collapse of the Commons’ majority. Why did the British reject ranked voting when they got to vote on it in 2011? Most voters say they want more choice? Why only 2-3 big parties in every region? Duverger’s law (and having strong national parties rigging the system…. Just like here) How do the UK’s national parties control their candidates so much more than is the case in the US where you have leaders running against own party? How ideological are their parties (how do you measure this?) vs ours (cadre vs. catch-all parties)? Is there any democratic check?

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND BRITISH POLITICAL DISATISFACTION? Tony Blair and Labour’s Third Way: Can you have Thatcherism (heavy privatization, austerity, and free trade) with “equity”? Where do Cameron/May’s Tories fall on the continuum between Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair? How are the Brexiters different? What relationship will the UK have with the EU? Will Brexit make any difference? What key political reforms have been pursued over the last two decades? If you add them up, how radical has the change been? Why hasn’t the US gone through change like this? What was Labour’s overall record? Thatherism with equity worked… so why’d they lose? (Was it the war in Iraq, Gordon Brown, and the younger, smarter Tory, or have the British come to recognize the new econ. rules?) Why is going on with Labour under Jeremy Corbyn? How did David Cameron do, and why did he get the boot? Austerity in ‘10; riots in ‘11; and then a surprise majority in ‘12; and then the Scotland Crisis in’14; and then Brexit in ‘16? The big question for the UK? Can Britain become more American and still deal with the pressures of globalization?