Referencing

Objective By the end of the lecture: Understand what referencing is. Why do we reference How do we reference Understand what academic writing is.

What is referencing Referencing is: Acknowledging the influence of other people’s work on your own work Mentioning the different sources that you have used in your own work.

Why do we reference? To avoid plagiarism To allow the reader to trace the sources To show the depth and quality of your reading Distinguish your own ideas from that of others.

How do we reference? There are different acceptable referencing styles: Institutional recommendation is APA referencing style APA stands for American Psychological Association There are basically two ways of referencing: In-text referencing Reference list (end of text referencing) bibliography

In-text referencing Direct quotation (short and long quotations) Use quotation marks In brackets (name, year of publication: page number) Indirect quotation (summarizing/paraphrasing) Do not need quotation marks Citations from secondary sources Example: (Paul, 1999, as cited in Molley & Kaplan, 2010). Paul (1999) argues that “…….” (as cited in Molley & Kaplan, 2010, p.100-101). Citing a source with multiple scholars in-text: Kaplan et al. (1995) or (Kaplan et al., 1995).

… Authors with the same surname G. N. John (2007) and C. B. John (2007), (G. N. John, 2007; C. B. John, 2007). Author with two or more publications written in the same year John (2007a) John (2007b) Works with no identifiable dates John (n.d.).

End of text-referencing Follow alphabetical order Book with one author Book with two authors Book with 3-5 authors Magazine Webpage Lecture notes

Example… Abraham, I. D., Abraham, R. H., & Shaw, C. D. (1990). A visual in- troduction to dynamical systems theory for psychology. Santa Cruz, CA: Ariel Press. Allmendinger, J., & Hackman, J. R. (1996). Organizations in chang- ing environments: The case of East German symphony orches- tras. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 337–369. Allport, F. H. (1920). The influence of the group upon association and thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 159–182.

Academic writing The style of writing Academic writing Each discipline and profession has specific requirements for writing different documents Academic writing Makes work easier to read and understand Ensures that your work is fully and correctly referenced.

Principles of academic writing Clear purpose Answer a specific question Write to persuade, to analyze and inform Audience engagement : write with a specific audience in mind Clear point of view: not just a list of facts/summaries Shows what you think about a specific topic Single focus: writing must support your argument/thesis statement Reflect your position or what you think about a particular topic Logical organization Introduction Body (topic sentences) Conclusion (no new information in your conclusion)

... Strong support Clear and complete explanations Strong support for topic sentence or thesis statement Sufficient and relevant support Clear and complete explanations Makes it easy for the reader to understand Reader must understand your ideas, logic and organization of your work. Effective use of research In-depth reading Consult high quality academic and professional sources Correct APA referencing style Ensure correct referencing Writing style Avoid grammar, spelling, punctuation and vocabulary mistakes

Writing Process Choose a topic Think (brainstorm) Research Allows you to identify what you already know, what you think you know, what you need to know Ensures that you are answering the question Research Discover your thesis What is your paper all about argument Plan (realistic and have an outline) Write (one argument/point per paragraph) Revise Edit ( grammar, spellings, punctuation and vocabulary). Proofread