Civil Air Patrol – California Wing Navigation and Position Determination Mission Scanner Course Chapter 8 Version 1.3 (21 February 2014)

Objectives Define the following navigation terms: Course, heading, and ground track Nautical mile and knot Latitude and Longitude Given a map or sectional: identify an object given its latitude and longitude; and given a position determine its latitude and longitude. Given a sectional chart, locate and discuss: Physical features such as topographical details Towns and cities Highways and roads Towers; determine height in both MSL and AGL Airways and radio aids to navigation Airports and airport data

Objectives Given a sectional chart, discuss the information found in the Legend Given a sectional chart, locate Maximum Elevation Figures and state their meaning Given a sectional chart, a plotter, and two points on the chart: Determine the cardinal heading Determine the distance between the two points (nautical and statute miles) Given data from navaids, track the current position of an aircraft and determine the position of a ground feature (sectional and map) State the size of a full and a one-quarter standardized grid

Aircrew Task O-0204 Locate a Point on a Map Using Latitude And Longitude

Navigation Terms Course – planned or actual path of the aircraft over the ground. Can be True or Magnetic Heading – direction the aircraft is pointing Ground track – actual path of the aircraft over the ground Nautical mile (nm) – measurement of distance used in air navigation; longer than statute mile Knots (kts) – nautical miles per hour 8.1 Objective 8.1 – Define the following navigation terms: course, heading and ground track; nautical mile and knot; latitude and longitude. Nautical mile: 6076 feet Statute mile: 5280 feet difference: 796 feet To convert nautical miles to statute miles, multiply nautical miles by 1.15. Same for knots to mph (going 100 knots = 115 mph)

Locating a Position Use a system of imaginary lines Vertical lines run north and south (longitude) Horizontal lines run east and west (latitude) Where they cross defines a point on the earth By convention, latitude is stated first Points are defined as x degrees of latitude and y degrees of longitude.

Latitude Lines of latitude run east and west Latitude starts with 0°at the equator Latitude increases to 90°north at the North Pole and 90°south at the South Pole Great Circle and Lesser Circles North Latitudes South Latitudes Equator The Equator is a Great Circle and all other lines of latitude are lesser circles.

Longitude Longitude has to start someplace So 0° is in Greenwich England East and West longitude increase as you move away from the Prime Meridian West Longitude East Longitude The Prime Meridian is a Great Circle and all other lines of longitude are lesser circles.

Longitude Greenwich (Prime) Meridian is zero degrees longitude on one side of the earth East and west longitude increase until they meet at 180° on the other side of the earth All line of longitude are great circles (same length) Lines of Longitude Prime Meridian or 0 degrees 8.2.3 Objective 8.2 – Given a map or sectional: identify an object given its latitude and longitude; given a position determine its latitude and longitude.

Aircrew Task O-0205 Locate a Point on a Map Using The Cap Grid System

CAP Standard Grid System Overlays on standard aviation sectional maps Subdivides the map into distinct working areas Each grid is 1/4° (15 minutes) of latitude by 1/4° of longitude and is assigned a number Grids are further divided into sub-grids labeled A, B, C, and D Each sectional has a standard for assigning grid numbers — for areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used Only a couple of charts in the US have overlaps. Where charts overlap, the grids on all charts will be assigned the number and identifier of the primary chart (the most westerly chart will be designated as the primary chart). Overlapping chart grids will use the identifier of the primary chart (e.g. MKC for Kansas City) and the grid number.

CAP Grid System Each 15' x 15' grid on a sectional is assigned a number In this example, the grid depicted is STL 5 (STL = St Louis sectional) Grids are subdivided into four 7.5' x 7.5' quadrants Letters are used to define sub-grids 8.10.1 Objective 8.12 – State the size of a full and a one-quarter standardized grid. The first full 15-minute quadrangle in the northwest corner of the chart is numbered “One” and numbered in sequence from west to east. Continue in this manner until reaching the southeast corner of the gridded area which serves as the last full 15 minute quadrangle.

CAP Grid: Putting it Together Assignment: Grid 253D (SFO Sectional)

Standardized Grid System Can be used on any chart that has lat/long markings 1° blocks identified by the intersection of whole numbers of lat/long, such as N 36-00 and W 102-00 Points are designated with the latitude first (36/102) and they identify the area north and west of the intersection of these two lines Grids can be subdivided into smaller sections (smallest is 7.5° x 7.5°, such as 36/102 AAA) Letters are used to define sub-grids 8.10.1 Objective 8.12 – State the size of a full and a one-quarter standardized grid. The first full 15-minute quadrangle in the northwest corner of the chart is numbered “One” and numbered in sequence from west to east. Continue in this manner until reaching the southeast corner of the gridded area which serves as the last full 15 minute quadrangle.

Marking Grid Charts You can use a new sectional — normally not updated unless it gets worn out Use a PENCIL FIRST! Then, use a Black Marker or Hi-Lighter (not pink) to mark grid boundaries on the chart using a long ruler Mark grid identification in black ink for visibility You should always keep a current sectional with you even if you have a sectional which is marked with grids OPTION: www.capcharts.com or Duracharts You can make a master grid chart and then mark up your current navigation chart with selected grids as needed. Red or pink marks on your charts will not be visible at night when the red light is the only light on. Use a green flashlight to see most colors.

Aircrew Task O-2024 Use Sectional Charts

Sectional Aeronautical Charts 1 to 500,000 Medium to slow speed aircraft Information: Legend, Aeronautical, Topographical Read the legend--it is the most important part of the chart. Show where to find when the chart becomes obsolete. Know the scale 1:500,000, all features are shown 1/500,000 of their actual size (1 inch = 6.86 nm) Point out contour intervals and how old the topographic data is. Cultural or man-made features like cities. Explain the significance of the expiration date of the chart - use current charts for navigation. Expired gridded charts may be used only for reference or training purposes. Label them “For Training Purposes Only”

An often overlooked but vital part of the sectional is the 'Legend An often overlooked but vital part of the sectional is the 'Legend.' This is a written explanation of symbols, projections, and other features used on the chart. Other important areas of the chart are its title page or "panel", and the margins around the chart edges. The margins contain supplemental radio frequency information, details about military or special use airspace, and other applicable regulations. Back of the legend Class B, Class C, TSRA and selected approach control frequencies (shown) Special Use Airspace (shown) MOA information (shown) Control Tower frequencies (not shown)

Sectional Airports Airspace Navaids MEFs Sectional Aeronautical Charts Sectional Airports Airspace Navaids MEFs 8.6 Objective 8.6 – Given a sectional chart, locate and discuss the following: physical features such as topographical details; towns and cities; highways and roads; towers (determine height in MSL and AGL; airways and radio aids to navigation; airports and airport data. Objective 8.8 – Given a sectional chart, locate Maximum Elevation Figures and state their meaning.

Sectional Aeronautical Charts Sectional Restricted Areas Military Training Routes Military Operations Area (MOA) Point out local airports, restricted area, and military training routes Discuss flight planning for and operating in a MOA. Emphasize that military pilots aren’t listening to you and aren’t looking for you, and they’re moving fast.

Military Operations Area (MOA) Discuss flight planning for and operating in a MOA. Emphasize that military pilots aren’t listening to you and aren’t looking for you, and they’re moving fast.

Aircrew Task O-2025 Track and Record Position on Sectionals and Maps

Position Determination Sectional or Map Work from larger to smaller Work from a known location to present location Watch the scale on maps Remain suspicious if all points don’t seem to line up right Use groups of 3 characteristics to verify position 8.8 Objective 8.9 – Given a sectional chart, a plotter, and two points on the chart: determine the heading; determine the distance between the points (nautical and statute miles). Pilotage is using primarily VISUAL REFERENCES or landmarks along with some computations of time, speed, heading, and wind. Dead Reckoning is navigation using ONLY time, heading, wind and airspeed. No visual references are used.

Tracking & Recording Position Maintain positional awareness from takeoff to landing Finger on the map method using visual landmarks Ask the pilot or observer to determine position using GPS and/or VOR/DME Once you locate the target, you must be able to pinpoint the location on the sectional and report that position to others. Since the details on the sectional chart are often not detailed enough to be useful to ground units, you have to transfer that information to a map (e.g., road or topographical). Knowing the aircraft's position at all times is essential if an in-flight emergency should occur: if you don't know where you are, how can you find the nearest airfield? Objective 8.11 – Given data from navaids, track the current position of an aircraft and determine the position of a ground feature (sectional and map).

QUESTIONS?