General GIS Quick Reference

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Presentation transcript:

General GIS Quick Reference Earth Earth is spinning and bulges at the equator into an Oblate Spheroid Diameter at equator: ~12,756km (~7,926 miles) At poles: ~12,715.43 km (~7,901 miles) Common Units: IS: Kilometers, Meters English: Feet, Miles - Nautical: Depth: fathoms (6 feet), nautical miles (~1.15 miles) Geographic data projected flat Coordinates Geographic: Latitude, Longitude (Y,X) - Prime meridian at Greenwich England, parallels DMS: 44°34′14.81″N 123°16′33.59″W DD: 44.570781, -123.275997 Projected: Easting, Northing (X,Y) UTM: 521914 E, 4935308 N Accuracy: 30 meters=about 1 second at the equator 1 meter in DD requires at least 5 fractional digits 1 meter in DMS requires 2 fractional digits 1 meter in UTM requires no fractional digits Spatial/Coordinate Reference System (SRS or CRS) Datums – define reference surface for spatial data Modern datums define “flattening” at the poles Projections Geographic – used as projection UTM State Plane California Teale Albers Google/World Mercator Using: If a CRS is missing from data: Find out what it is and “Define” it If two layers have different CRSes: “Project” them into the same CRS California Teale Albers State Plane Zones Points Polylines (line segments) Major Cities Major Rivers Datum Definition Error From HARN HARN High Accuracy Reference Network WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 NAD83 North American Datum 1983 <0.001m NAD27 North American Datum 1927 200m Example Raster Polygon US UTM Zones (USGS) 84° N Latitude Data Types Vector Point Polyline (line segments) Polygons Rasters Sample/Band depth Pixel = picture element Pixel/cell size Artifacts 500,000 Easting (X)‏ 4,000,000 Northing (Y)‏ X Y Equator 500,000 meters By Jim Graham

GIS Programming Languages Organizations/Datasets Concepts: Resolution/scale/extent Accuracy& precision, collection & processing effects Small Scale = large extent (1:250,000 is small scale) Overall process: acquire, review/prep, assemble, analyze, render, distribute RS data, derived data Metadata Attributes Value types: String, int, double, dates Queries and simple calculations Statistics GIS Methods: Digitizing/editing Rasters: subsample, mosaic/combine, crop, sample type conversions Vectors: union, intersection, exclusion, merge/dissolve, generalize, buffer, clip Raster to polygon, contours Vector to raster: interpolation, point density,, IWD, polygon to raster Raster math Histograms, re-class Simple stats: min, max, mean, mode (pixel, local, zonal) Common GIS Software 7-zip: decompress zip, tar, gz files FWTools: file format conversions ArcGIS: most popular in US GRASS: open source Quantum (or Q) GIS: open source Google Earth GIS Programming Languages Python Organizations/Datasets EROS: LandSat, National Atlas USGS, NOAA, NASA NLCD, NHD, DRG/24k topo, DEMs Oregon Geospatial Data Clearinghouse FGDC, OpenGIS Cartography Thematic layers Symbology: marks, patterns, colors Labeling: fonts, placement, embellishments Map Elements: Title Legend North arrow Description: Author, date, projection, datum, units Scale (bar or text) Insets Rulers GPS Critical Points: Don’t change the datum once you’ve collected data Accuracy changes for each point File Extension Name Data Models CRS Georeference Metadata Support IMG Imaging Raster Internal XML File? Good Folder ERSI Grid Footnote: 4 4 XML File ESRI Only Coverage Vector (6) ? NA XML Legacy JPG JPEG PRJ/WKT World File 1 KML Keyhole Markup Language Raster, Vector WGS84 Geographic XML 3 TIFF Tagged Image File Format 2 ASC ASCII GRID PRJ Excellent BSQ Binary Sequential PNG Portable Network Graphics SHP Shapefile Vector TXT Tab-delimited text file Points CSV Comma separated 8 GDB GeoDatabase All ESRI only Footnotes: 1. While popular, these are not really GIS formats 2. Can be internal with GeoTIFF Tags 3. Some metadata can be internal, XML file for full specification 4. GRID has a set of files that include georeferencing and CRS 5. E00 is for interchange. Convert it to a Shapefile or coverage 6. Coverage's are ESRIs old topological vector format 7. TXT typically contain tab-delimited data with the first row as a header 8. CSVs can have problems with text that contain commas Sources: US Geological Survey, NASA’s Blue Marble dataset, NaturalEarth, State of Oregon