TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN INDIA.

INTRODUCTION… Transport in the Republic of India is an important part of the nation's economy. Today in the country we have a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. Being a vast country India needs efficient and cheap transportation system

Importance of transport Better utilization of the backward areas linking with the advanced areas For rapid industrialization & urbanization For removing the scarcity of goods Easy movement people and bringing them in contact with each other

The nation has just 13 million cars on its roads which is just over 1% of the country’s population. In addition only 10% of the Indian households own a motorcycle. In India, public transport still remains the primary mode of transport. Indian railways is the largest and fourth most heavily utilized system in the world.

TRADITIONAL MEANS Walking Palanquin Bullock carts and horse carriages Bicycles Hand-pulled rickshaws Cycle rickshaws

Modern transportation… These are the major means of transportation now a days: Railways Road ways Air ways Water ways

Railways Indian Railways is one of the largest railways under single management. It carries some 18 million passengers and 2 million tons of freight a day and is one of the world’s largest employer. The railways play a leading role in carrying passengers and cargo across India's vast territory.

The trains were introduced by the British in 1853. The Indian railways improved a lot from then on to become the one of the longest railway networks in the world. There are 16 railway zones in India. There are almost 8000 railway stations in the country.

Zonal Railways Headquarters Central Railway Mumbai CST Eastern Railway Kolkata Northern Railway New Delhi North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur North-East Frontier Railway Maligaon (Guwahati) Southern Railway Chennai South Central Railway Secunderabad South Eastern Railway Western Railway Church Gate, Mumbai East Central Railway Hajipur East Coast Railway Bhubaneswar North Central Railway Allahabad North Western Railway Jaipur South East Central Railway Bilaspur South Western Railway Hubli West Central Railway Jabalpur

The total route length of the railway network is 64,061 km (39,806 mi). About 46% of the railway route is electrified. The Indian railways uses 4 gauges: broad gauge, standard gauge, meter gauge, narrow gauge.

Notable trains and achievements… There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on IR — the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Mountain railways of India. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a narrow gauge railway in West Bengal. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a meter gauge railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu. The Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge railway in the Shivalik mountains in Himachal Pradesh

Road transport… Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India today. They carry almost 90 percent of the country’s passenger traffic and 65 percent of its freight.

National highways The main roads constructed & maintained by the central government It connects ports, state capitals, industrial and tourist centres It span about 67,000 km & handle 40% of total road traffic National lanes have : 1.single lanes (width 3.25 m) 2. multi lanes (each have width 3.5 m) 3. 14% have 4 or more lanes & 59% have 2 lanes or double lanes 4.rest 27% single laned

NHAI(National Highway Authority of India) It was constituted in 1988 It is responsible for the development , maintenance and management of National Highways It is currently undertaking developmental activities under (National Highways Development Project)

Golden quadrilateral hinterland Economic benefits It interconnects many cities & ports It give an impetus(importance) to truck transport throughout in India It helps in the industrial growth of small towns It helps in the transport of agricultural produce from the hinterland to major cities and ports for export The often uncharted areas beyond a coastal district or a river's banks. An area surrounding a town or port and served by it. It is the largest express highway project in India It consists of building 5,846km of 4 & 6 lane expressways connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai hinterland

Statistics…. Type of Road Length Expressways 200 km (120 mi) National Highways 66,590 km (41,380 mi) State Highways 131,899 km (81,958 mi) Major District Roads 467,763 km (290,654 mi) Rural and Other Roads 2,650,000 km (1,650,000 mi) Total Length 3,300,000 km (2,050,000 mi) (Approx)

An expressway is a controlled-access highway; it is a highway that controls entrances to it and exits from it by incorporating the design of the slip roads for entry and exit into the design of the highway itself. Access-control should not be confused with collection of toll. An expressway may be free to use and may not collect toll at all. Expressways are the highest class of roads in the Indian Road Network. These are six or eight lane highways with controlled-access. India has approximately 942 km expressways. Mumbai – Pune expressway

National Highway system of India consists of approximately 10,000 km (6,200 mi) of four-laned highways that collect toll from users but do not have control of access and cannot be called expressways. Currently, a massive project is underway to expand the highway network and the Government of India plans to add an additional 18,637 km (11,580 mi) of expressways to the network by the year 2022.[

Expressway Name Distance State 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Western Freeway Mumbai 25.33 km (15.74 mi) Maharashtra 2 Eastern Freeway Mumbai 22 km (14 mi) 3 Mumbai Nashik Expressway 150 km (93 mi) 4 Kundli ManesarPalwal Expressway(KMP) 135.6 km (84.3 mi) Haryana 5 Delhi Eastern Peripheral Expressway 135 km (84 mi) Uttar Pradesh/Haryana 6 Pathankot Ajmer Expressway 600 km (370 mi) Punjab/Rajasthan 7 Ganga Expressway 1,000 km (620 mi) Uttar Pradesh Under construction

Expressway Name Distance State 1 Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway 95 km (59 mi) Gujarat 2 Mumbai-Pune Expressway 93 km (58 mi) Maharashtra 3 Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway 90 km (56 mi) Rajastan 4 Allahabad Bypass 86 km (53 mi) Uttar Pradesh 5 Durgapur Expressway 65 km (40 mi) West Bengal 6 Chennai Bypass 32 km (20 mi) Tamil Nadu 7 Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway 28 km (17 mi) Delhi/Haryana 8 Noida-Greater Noida Expressway 24.53 km (15.24 mi) Delhi/Uttar Pradesh 9 Delhi Noida Direct Flyway 9.2 km (5.7 mi) 10 Hyderabad Elevated Expressways 11.6 km (7.2 mi) Andhra Pradesh 11 Hosur Road Elevated Expressway 9.985 km (6.204 mi) Karnataka 12 Kona Expressway 8 km (4.97 mi) 13 Outer Ring Road (Hyderabad) 158 km (98 mi) 14 Raipur-Bhilai-Durg Expressway 26 km (16 mi) Chhattisgarh 15 Yamuna Expressway 165 km (103 mi) 16 Bangalore–Mysore Infrastructure Corridor 41 km (25 mi) Total 942.19 km (585.45 mi)

Mumbai Pune Expressway

AHMEDABAD-VADODARA EXPRESSWAY

A view of Delhi- Gurgaon stretch of National Highway - 8 (NH-8) A view of Delhi- Gurgaon stretch of National Highway - 8 (NH-8). The 8-lane expressway connects Delhi to Gurgaon and IGIA

A section of the Golden Quadrilateral between Bengaluru and Chennai

The Delhi-Noida section of the Delhi-Noida -Greater Noida expressway

AGRA -MATHURA

DELHI.PANIPAT

BANGALORE-MYSORE

National Highway classification Lanes Length (km) Percentage Single Lane / Intermediate lane 18,350 27% Double lane 39,079 59% Four Lane/Six lane/Eight Lane 9,325 14% Total 66,754 100%

ADVANTAGES CAN BE CONSTRUCTED EVEN IN AREAS OF DIFFICULT TERRAIN OFFER DOOR TO DOOR SERVICES HELP FARMERS TO MOVE THEIR PERISHABLE GOODS CHANCE OF PILFERAGE ARE LESSER THAN IN RAILWAYS

Disadvantages Many roads are un surfaced not suitable for regular vehicular traffic No proper maintenance Multiple check post , toll tax which bring down the speed of traffic Many roads have inadequate capacity Traffic on the roads of India is too high

Air transport

Air transportation… Air transport in India started between Allahabad & Naini (township in Allahabad) in 1911 Airport authority of India was established on April 1, 1995 The Air India, has become the 16th largest airline in asia, presently operates a fleet of 159 aircraft serves= 50 domestic & 39 international routes The other airlines such as Kingfisher Airlines, Air India and Jet Airways are the most popular brands in domestic air travel in order of their market share.

Airport Authority Of India A civil enclave is an area allotted at an airport belonging to the armed forces, for the usage of civil aircraft and civil aviation related services It manages Total 127 airports Domestic = 86 International =11 Civil enclaves=29

Cargo airlines :Blue Dart Aviation ltd is Operating scheduled cargo services in the country

PAWAN HANS SERVICES OPERATING IN THE HILLY AREAS IN THE NORTH-EASTERN INDIA

These airlines connect more than 80 cities across India and also operate overseas routes after the liberalization of Indian aviation. The rapid growth in the economy of India has made air travel more affordable now a days. There are more than 335 civilian airports in India - 250 with paved runways and 96 with unpaved runways and more than 20 international airports in the Republic of India.

There are almost 220 airports in India There are almost 220 airports in India .these include all types of airports. Out of which 27 are international airports. Others include domestic airports, air force based airports and etc…

The market share of different airlines in India…

Advantages: It is the fastest mode of transport Advantages: It is the fastest mode of transport. It is very useful in transporting goods and passengers to the area, which are not accessible by any other means. It is the most convenient mode of transport during natural calamities. It provides vital support to the national security and defence ..

Disadvantages: ..It is relatively more expensive mode of transport. ..It is not suitable for transporting heavy and bulky goods. .. It is affected by adverse weather conditions. ..It is not suitable for short distance travel. ..In case of accidents, it results in heavy losses of goods, property and life.

Water transport…

Types of water transport…. Inland water transport: include rivers, canals , backwaters & creek (a small stream · Creek (tidal), an inlet of the sea) that allows ships & boats to navigate India has Navigable waterways :around 14,500 km Navigable by mechanized flat bottom vessels ….rivers ….canals

The Kerala backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. BACKWATER; water in a main river which is backed up(accumulated) by an obstruction such as dam

National waterways…. Allahabad Saidiya Kollam Bhadrachalam Mangalgadi

Cargo transportation is organised IWAI Inland waterways authority of India is the authority in charge of the inland waterways Cargo transportation is organised GOA KERALA WEST BENGAL ASSAM

Major ports of India

It promotes international trade. Advantages: It is a relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods. It is a safe mode of transport with respect to occurrence of accidents. The cost of maintaining and constructing routes is very low most of them are naturally made. It promotes international trade.

Disadvantages(Constraints….) Ships have to wait long for berthing. Dependent on weather conditions Long travelling hours Insufficient warehousing. Tardy procedure. Limited to areas where rivers and oceans exist