FDES: Chapter 3.2 Environmental resources and their use Understand you are more expert than I in some topics. I’m a generalist. I know less and less about more and more. Feel free to ask questions of clarification. Save the technical discussions for discussions and coffee breaks. FDES: Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics

Outline Environmental resources and their use Level 1 (30min) 1. Overview & links to SEEA 2. Sub-components 2.1 Minerals 2.2 Energy 2.3 Land 2.4 Soil 3. Group exercise (30min) Level 2 (20min) 1. Sub-components 2.5 Biological 2.5 Water 2. Group discussion (10min) See link to YouTube video… FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Learning objectives Level 1 & 2 Understand the concepts of environmental resources & their use Learn about the main data sources Understand the links with the SEEA framework Learn the basics of compiling environmental resource indicators All of these sessions are simply an introduction to the manual. They are not a substitute. Consider the manual as your Textbook! FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

FDES Components Component 2: Environmental resources and their use 2.1 Mineral resources 2.2 Energy resources 2.3 Land 2.4 Soil 2.5 Biological resources 2.6 Water resources Examples of Core Set Statistics Examples? FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

What are environmental resources? Stocks Changes 2 Environmental resources 2.1 Mineral resources Extract 2.2 Energy resources Extract, Capture, Harvest 2.3 Land Modify 2.4 Soil resources 2.5 Biological resources Harvest 2.6 Water resources Abstract Modify Non-renewable and renewable natural inputs to the economy Sustainable? Consumption and Production FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Links to SEEA & SDGs FDES SEEA Stocks Environmental resources Assets Sub-component FDES SEEA Stocks Environmental resources Assets Changes in stocks (Flows) Extraction, harvesting, modification, abstraction Supply/use: Materials, Energy, Water Environmental resources: Natural inputs to production and consumption Need statistics on availability and quality for sustainable management [Could add another linking FDES to SDGs) FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

What are environmental resources? 2.1 Mineral resources 2.1.1: Stocks and changes of mineral resources 2.1.2: Production and trade of minerals 2.2 Energy resources 2.2.1: Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy 2.3 Land 2.3.1: Land use 2.3.2: Use of forest land 2.4 Soil resources 2.4.1: Soil Resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.1: Timber resources 2.5.2: Aquatic resources 2.5.3: Crops 2.5.4: Livestock 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.6 Water resources 2.6.1: Water resources 2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water Sub-component Topic FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Mineral resources 2.1.1 Stocks and changes of mineral resources 2.1.2: Production and trade of minerals 2.1.1 Stocks and changes of mineral resources Why important? Major contribution to many national economies. Known deposits of non-metallic and metallic mineral resources Commercially-recoverable Potential commercially-recoverable Non-commercial, Other Non-renewable  depletion Extraction  environmental impacts Data sources: geological surveys, economic statistics on extraction Challenges: Different classifications; price changes  change in value; agreement on “commercially-recoverable” Mineral resources used for energy  FDES 2.2 SEEA  Minerals and Energy Asset Accounts FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Mineral resources 2.1.2 Production and trade of minerals 2.1.1: Stocks and changes of mineral resources 2.1 Mineral resources 2.1.2: Production and trade of minerals 2.1.2 Production and trade of minerals Why important? Extraction, production, import, export statistics provide information on pressures on stocks and importance to national economy Data types: Mass, volume, value by commodity type Data sources: Industrial commodity statistics (inputs to economy) Mining and quarrying sector (production levels and costs) Trade statistics (imports and exports) Challenges Different classifications & names of materials Incomplete data on cost of extraction & production SEEA  Material Flow Accounts FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Energy resources 2.2.1 Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy 2.2.1 Stocks and changes of energy resources Why important? Non-renewable energy resources  extraction limits future availability Data types: Stocks of known deposits of mineral energy resources Fossil fuels, peat, uranium ores Data sources Geological surveys and inventories, mining and energy authorities Extraction statistics from mining and industry consumption Challenges Getting complete and comparable data from many sources (e.g., coal, petroleum…) Quantities vs energy content Agreement on (and change in) “commercially-recoverable” SEEA  Minerals and Energy Asset Accounts FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Energy resources 2.2.2 Production, trade and consumption of energy 2.2.1: Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.2 Energy resources 2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy 2.2.2 Production, trade and consumption of energy Why important? Track energy security & efficiency Includes renewable energy! (hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, biomass…) “Production” = capture, extraction or manufacture of energy products Production  transformation  distribution  consumption Different efficiency rates (losses) and environmental impacts Statistics on: production, total energy supply and final consumption Data sources Energy statistics, foreign trade, energy balances Challenges Getting complete and comparable data from many sources (e.g., coal, petroleum…) Quantities vs energy content SEEA  Physical Supply and Use Accounts for Energy FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Land 2.3.1: Land use 2.3 Land 2.3.2: Use of forest land 2.3 Land Land = space for economic activities and environmental processes 2.3.1 Land use Social and economic function of land Includes use of inland waters, coastal & marine zones How used and who uses it? activities and institutional arrangements Includes “used” and “not in use by human activities”: ecological importance Data sources Land registers, field surveys, sectoral statistics (agriculture, forestry, protected areas…) Challenges Combining data from several sources Land cover  FDES 3.1 Environmental Conditions and Quality SEEA  Asset Accounts for Land FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Land 2.3.1: Land use 2.3 Land 2.3.2: Use of forest land 2.3.2 Use of forest land Why important? Production (timber & non-timber), soil formation, water regulation, habitat, cultural services, carbon sequestration… Changes in area from: Afforestation: Establishment of new forest area through deliberate planting & seeding Deforestation: Conversion to another land use or permanent reduction of canopy Reforestation: Re-establishment of forest area through deliberate planting & seeding Natural processes: Includes natural regression and expansion Reclassifications: New information about where forest exists Data sources Forest sector; environment departments (protected areas); satellite images Challenges Determining “cover” versus “designated use” SEEA  Asset Accounts for Land, Forest, Timber; Ecosystem Accounts FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Soil resources 2.4.1 Soil resources Area & volume of soil lost from erosion, degradation, land use change Can account for: Suitability for agriculture and forestry: soil type, nutrient content, carbon content Stocks of soil resources (additions & reductions) of area and volume by type Data sources Agriculture, forest sector Challenges Determining “cover” versus “designated use” Soil characteristics  FDES 1.1.4 Soil pollution  FDES 1.3.4 SEEA  Asset Accounts for Soil; Ecosystem Accounts FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: Suggest SEEA Accounts for soil resources: Area and volume by type of soil Type and condition of soil by land use type FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Questions/comments? Next: Group exercise 20 minutes to prepare 10 minutes to report answers FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Group exercise Situation Objective (Groups of 3-5 persons) Have 5 years of historical data on timber volume, harvest, fire and storm damage Need to model regrowth, opening and closing stock Need to estimate “sustainable” harvest Objective (Groups of 3-5 persons) Calculate regrowth, closing stock, opening stock for each year Calculate “sustainable” harvest for Year 6 and onwards Report & discuss answers (10min) Need to change references to inventory! FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Group exercise Step 1: Calculate regrowth, opening stock and closing stock for years 2 to 5 Opening Stock for Year 2 is Closing Stock for Year 1… Regrowth is 5% of current year Opening Stock Need to change references to inventory! FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Group exercise Step 2: Calculate Average Harvest (Year 1 to Year 5) (B) Average Fire and Storm Damage (Year 1 to Year 5) (A) Expected “Year 6” Additions (5% of Year 5 Closing Stock) Recommended “sustainable” harvest ((A) – (B)) Need to change references to inventory! FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Group exercise Is everyone clear on the objectives? 20 minutes group work Please ask questions Results: Report Recommended “sustainable” harvest What could you add to the account to improve the estimate? Need to change references to inventory! FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The answers The Answers A harvest rate of 28.0 m3/year would maintain the closing stock (912.9 m3) Could include: replanting, different species, age/size growth rates… Need to change references to inventory! FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Welcome to Level 2! Sub-components 2.5 Biological resources 2.6 Water resources FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Biological resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.1: Timber resources 2.5.2: Aquatic resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.3: Crops 2.5.4: Livestock 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.5 Biological resources Why important: Biological resources for food, materials, energy Renewable, capable of regeneration through natural (managed or non-managed) processes “Commodities” (timber, fish, crops, livestock) Ecosystems and biodiversity  FDES 1.2.2 FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Biological resources 2.5.1 Timber resources 2.5.2: Aquatic resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.3: Crops 2.5.4: Livestock 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.5.1 Timber resources Why important? Natural inputs to construction, paper products, fuel… Natural or cultivated Changes in stocks due to harvesting, degradation, disease, fires, land use change Data types: Volumes of timber (growth, fellings, natural losses, production…) Values of imports and exports Data sources National Accounts (purchases and sales by industry, households, imports, exports) Forest inventory (production, cost of production, growth) Challenges Estimating total stock (species, age, accessibility) Use of forested land  FDES 2.3.1 SEEA  Asset Accounts for Timber FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Biological resources 2.5.2 Aquatic resources 2.5.1: Timber resources 2.5.2: Aquatic resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.3: Crops 2.5.4: Livestock 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.5.2 Aquatic resources Why important: Food production, but also negative impacts Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, shellfish, aquatic mammals and other aquatic organisms Cultivated (e.g., aquaculture) or natural Changes in stocks due to harvesting, growth, diseases, catastrophic losses Aquaculture Farming of fish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants Environmental impacts from feed, colorants, fungicides, antibiotics, hormones… Data sources Production and use from National Accounts Sectoral data (fisheries, agriculture) Challenges Estimating natural stocks, reported/actual harvesting SEEA  Asset Accounts for Aquatic Resources FAO  International Standard Statistical Classification for Aquatic Animals and Plants (ISSCAAP) FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Biological resources 2.5.3 Crops 2.5.1: Timber resources 2.5.2: Aquatic resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.3: Crops 2.5.4: Livestock 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.5.3 Crops Why important? Food, other economic uses (textiles, biofuel, livestock fodder) Statistics on Area use for production by crop type Farming practices (pesticides, soil retention, monoculture, genetically-modified, irrigation) Imports/exports  total use, consumption and environmental impacts Data sources Production and use from National Accounts, agriculture statistics, imports/exports Sectoral data (agriculture); special surveys on farming practices Challenges Sub-national data; converting pesticide expenditures to quantities & impacts SEEA  Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (SEEA-AFF) FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Biological resources 2.5.4 Livestock 2.5.1: Timber resources 2.5.2: Aquatic resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.3: Crops 2.5.4: Livestock 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.5.4 Livestock Why important? Food, animal products or labour Typical: cows, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry… Statistics on Number and characteristics of live animals Antibiotics and hormones used Imports/exports  total use, consumption and environmental impacts Data sources Production and use from National Accounts, agriculture statistics, imports/exports Sectoral data (agriculture); special surveys on farming practices Challenges Sub-national data; estimating environmental impacts (e.g., manure treated/reused) SEEA  Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (SEEA-AFF) FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Biological resources 2.5.5 Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.5.1: Timber resources 2.5.2: Aquatic resources 2.5 Biological resources 2.5.3: Crops 2.5.4: Livestock 2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources 2.5.5 Other non-cultivated biological resources Why important: For food and other economic uses Wild berries, fungi, bacteria, wild fruits, non-timber forest products, wild animals… Statistics on Use and management, economic importance (as “ecosystem service”) Data sources Production and use from National Accounts, agriculture statistics, imports/exports Sectoral data (agriculture, wildlife, hunting); special surveys on household activities Challenges Integrating data from many sources; Classification; Data on subsistence uses SEEA  Asset accounts for other biological resources; Ecosystem Accounting FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Water resources 2.6 Water resources 2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water 2.6 Water resources Stock, abstraction and use: Estimate amounts of available/renewable water resources Monitor abstraction from important water bodies Ensure equitable use Track volumes and quality of water returned to the environment SEEA  Asset Accounts for Water (stock); Physical Supply and Use Tables for Water FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Water resources 2.6.1 Water resources Data types: Data sources: 2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water 2.6.1 Water resources Fresh and brackish (salty) water in inland water bodies (surface, groundwater, soil water) Inland water stocks: Surface water: Flows over or stored on surface (lakes, rivers, wetlands) regardless of salinity Groundwater: Collects in porous layers (aquifers) Data types: Volumes of renewable supply (rainwater, snowfall) Volumes lost to evapotranspiration Volumes of inflows and outflows from the Rest of the World Data sources: Hydrological, meteorological monitoring, topographic maps/models Challenges Estimating water stock in lakes & groundwater; locating “wetlands”; SEEA  Asset Accounts for Water (stock); Ecosystem Accounts (Extent, Water) FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Water resources 2.6.2 Abstraction, use and returns of water Use Flows of water from environment to human sub-system and back Abstraction Amount of water removed from any source over a period From surface and groundwater by economic activities and households For own use or distribution to other users (e.g., municipal water supply) Use Used in the economic for production and consumption Can be recycled & reused Most returned to the environment (treated/untreated) Data sources: Expenditures on water (industry, water supply, households); Surveys on water use; administrative data (e.g., water supply, water treatment) Challenges Integrating & converting data from many sources Wastewater  FDES 3.2 (Residuals: Generation and management of wastewater) SEEA  Physical Supply and Use Tables for Water; Ecosystem Accounts (Extent, Water) FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

The indicators: FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Group discussion What are some other challenges in producing environmental resource statistics in your country? What can you do about it? FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

References FDES: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/fdes.htm SEEA-CF: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf SEEA-Energy: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeae/chapterList.asp SEEA-Water: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaw/seeawaterwebversion.pdf SEEA-Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/aff/2GC_Draft.pdf SEEA-EEA (Experimental Ecosystem Accounting): http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/eea_final_en.pdf FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

Acknowledgements Materials prepared by: Materials adapted from: Michael Bordt Regional Adviser on Environment Statistics ESCAP Statistics Division bordt@un.org Materials adapted from: UNSD (Environment Statistics) FDES presentations: Tanzania: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/unsd_EAC_Projec t.html Togo: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/unsd_TogoWorks hop.html (aussi en Français) FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2