Anti-inflammatory Effect of Cynodon dactylon Linn on Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Sindhu G. & Dr. A. Helen Department of Biochemistry University of Kerala Kariavattom Campus Copyright © CorpoZone

Introduction Non-specific response to tissue injury Chemical agents Cold, heat Trauma Invasion of microbes Serves to destroy, dilute or wall off the injurious agent Induces repair Protective response Can be potentially harmful Inflammation

Inflammation Inflammation Acute Chronic Acute versus chronic inflammation are distinguished by the duration and the type of infiltrating inflammatory cells

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation Rubor = Redness Tumor = Swelling Calor = Heat Dolor = Pain Functio laesa = Loss of function

Process of Inflammation Chemical such as histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes (represented as blue dots) are released by damaged cell Blood clot forms Abscess starts to form (yellow area) Tissue damage Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels Phagocyte migration and phagocytosis Tissue repair 1 2 3 4 Margination-phagocytes stick to endothelium Emigration–phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells Phagocytosis of invading bacteria Bacteria entering on knife Eppiders Subcutaneous tissue Demis a b c Neutrophil Macrophage Bacterium Blood vessels endothelium Neutrophil Monocyte Erythrocyte

Inflammation – More information Atherosclerosis, Reumatoid arthritis, Diabetes, Ulcertive colitis etc. Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used for the management of inflammatory diseases. Due to side effects associated with the long-term use of these agents, many patients tend to use alternative therapeutic approaches including herbal therapies that have been considered safe and effective in alleviating chronic pain associated with arthritis.

Cynodon Dactylon Linn. Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Family : Poaceae Genus : Cynodon Species : dactylon Malayalam : Karuka Parts used : Whole plant

Cynodon Dactylon Linn Ctd… Cynodon dactylon is commonly known as Bermuda grass. It is hardy, perennial grass, very variable, with long rapid-growing on the surface of the soil. Traditionally it used to cure various inflammatory disease.

Objective of the Study To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon on adjuvant induced arthritis.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Collection of Plant Material The plant was collected freshly from Trivandrum. They were cleaned, dried under shade, and powdered. Preparation of different extracts of plant. The powdered plant material was soaked in 80% methanol and stand for 3 days. Extract was concentrated to dryness. This is used as Cynodon dactylon Methanolic Extract (CME).

Effect of CME on chronic inflammation model Freund’s complete adjuvant will be injected into the sub plantar surface of the rat paw. Duration of the experiment will be 21 days. For the study, rats are divided in to 4 groups. Group I - Normal Group II - 0.1ml Freund’s complete adjuvant Group III - 0.1ml FCA + CME (20mg/Kg body Wt) Group IV - 0.1ml FCA + indomethacin (3mg/Kg body Wt)

Biochemical Estimations Percentage inhibition of paw edema 5-LOX 15-LOX COX MPO NOS Concentration of Ceruloplasmin

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Paw Edema Inhibition on Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Model Percentage of Paw Edema Inhibition III - CME IV - Indomethacin III IV Inhibition, % 7th day 11th day 21st day Groups

ODshift/min/mg protein 0.25 Activity of 5-LOX I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV PBMC a ODshift/min/mg protein a, b a, b I II III IV Groups

ODshift/min/mg/protein 0.04 Activity of 15-LOX I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV PBMC a a, b a, b ODshift/min/mg/protein I II III IV Groups

ODshift/min/mg protein 0.16 Assay of COX I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV PBMC a a, b a, b ODshift/min/mg protein I II III IV Groups

Activity of MPO 20.0 I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a SERUM Units/mg protein a, b a, b I II III IV Groups

Activity of NOS 3.0 I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV SERUM a a, b a, b Units/mg protein I II III IV Groups

Concentration of Ceruloplasmin 0.40 Concentration of Ceruloplasmin I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a SERUM a, b µg/ml b I II III IV Groups

Concentration of CRP I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a SERUM a, b a, b µg/ml I II III IV Groups

WBC Count I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a WBC Count a, b a, b c/mn I II III IV Groups

Conclusion CME exhibits protection against adjuvant induced arthritis by anti-inflammatory effect.

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