The D-region Ionospheric Perturbations Caused by Solar Flares:

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Presentation transcript:

The D-region Ionospheric Perturbations Caused by Solar Flares: Inferred from Very Low Frequency (VLF) Waves observations in Mid-latitude region Famil Mustafa1 , Elchin S. Babayev1, Namig Dzhalilov 1, Stefaan Poedts 2, Rajesh Singh3, Ajeet K. Maurya4, Ilgar Alakbarov1 1Shamakhy Astrophysical Observatory named after N.Tusi, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, AZERBAIJAN 2 Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 3K.S. Krishnan Geomagnetic Research Laboratory (KSK GRL), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Allahabad, India 4School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA e-mail: famil_m@yahoo.com RESULTS Results show that solar flare effects on the sub-ionospheric VLF signals are identified by the sudden increase in their amplitudes. These sudden changes are manifestations of rapid enhancements in the D-region ionospheric plasma density associated with flares. It was revealed that solar flares of C, M and X classes affect VLF signal amplitude and lead to its increase consequently from ~1dB to ~10 dB. All selected examples (JJİ, DHO and GBZ) showed that the amplitude of VLF signals were perturbed by solar X-ray flares occurrence. D region ionospheric parameters (H/, β) show significant dependence on the local time of flare’s occurrence and their classes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was partially supported by the International project of Solar and Space Weather Network of Excellence - SOLSPANET, project number FP7-PEOPLE-2010-IRSES-269299. REFERENCES Ananthakrishnan, S., Abdu, M.A., Piazza, L.R., 1973. D-region recombination coefficients and the short wavelengths X-ray flux during a solar flare. Planet. Space Sci. 21, 367–375. Chakrabarty, D., Mala Bagiya, S., Smitha thampi, V., Pathan, B.M., Sekar, R., 2013. Signatures of moderate (M-class) and low (C and B class) intensity solar flares on the equatorial electrojet current: case studies. J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys. 105–106 (2013), 170–180. Clilverd, M.A., Rodger, C.J., Thomson, N.R., Lichtenberger, J., Steinbach, P., Cannon, P., Angling, M.J., 2001. Total solar eclipse effects on VLF signals: observation and modeling. Radio Sci. 36 (4), 773–788. Grubor, D.P., Šulic´, D.M., Zigman, V., 2008. Classification of X-ray solar flares regarding their effects on the lower ionosphere electron density profile. Ann. Geophys. 26, 1731–1740. Grubor, D., Sulic, D., Zigman, V., 2005. Influence of solar X-ray flares on the earth ionosphere wave guide. Serb. Astron. 171, 29–35. Kumar, A., Kumar, S., 2014. Space weather effects on the lowlatitude D-region ionosphere during solar minimum. Earth Planets Space 66 76-1:76-10. Manju, G., Viswanathan, K.S., 2005. Response of the equatorial electrojet to solar flare related X-ray flux enhancements. Earth Planets Space 57, 231–242. Manju, G., Pant, T.K., Devasia, C.V., Ravindran, S., Sridharan, R., 2009. Electrodynamical response of the Indian low-mid latitude ionosphere to the very large solar flare of 28 October 2003 – a case study. Ann. Geophys. 27, 3853–3860. Maurya, A.K., Singh, R., Veenadhari, B., Pant, P., Singh, A.K., 2010. Application of lightning discharge generated radio atmospherics/tweeks in lower ionospheric plasma diagnostics. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 208, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/208/1/012061 012061-1012061-7. Maurya, A.K., Singh, R., Veenadhari, B., Cohen, M.B., Kumar, S., Selvakumaran, R., Pant, P., Singh, A.K., Inan, U.S., 2012a. Morphological features of tweeks and nighttime D region ionosphere at tweek reflection height from the observations in the low-latitude Indian sector. J. Geophys. Res. 117, A05301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016976. McRae, W.M., Thomson, N.R., 2000. VLF phase and amplitude: daytime ionospheric parameters. J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys. 62, 609–618. McRae, W.M., Thomson, N.R., 2004. Solar flare induced ionospheric D-region enhancement from VLF phase and amplitude observations. J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys. 66, 77–87. Mitra, A.P., 1974. Ionospheric Effects of Solar Flares. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland. Singh, A.K., Singh, R., Veenadhari, B., Singh, A.K., 2012. Response of low latitude Dregion ionosphere to the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 deduced from ELF/VLF analysis. Adv. Space Res. 50, 1352–1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jasr.2012.07.005. Singh, A.K., Singh, A.K., Singh, R., Singh, R.P., 2013. Solar flare induced D-region ionospheric perturbations evaluated from VLF measurements. Astrophys. Space Sci., 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-013-1699-4. Singh, R., Veenadhari, B., Cohen, M.B., Pant, P., Singh, A.K., Maurya, A.K., Vohat, P., Inan, U.S., 2010. Initial results from AWESOME VLF receivers: set up in low latitude Indian regions under IHY2007/UNBSSI. Curr. Sci. 98 (3), 398–405. Thomson, N.R., Rodger, C.J., Dowden, R.L., 2004. Ionosphere gives size of greatest solar flare. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L06803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019345. Thomson, N.R., Rodger, C.J., Clilverd, M.A., 2005. Large solar flares and their ionosperic D region enhancements. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A06306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011008. Zigman, V., Grubor, D., Suli´c, D., 2007. D-region electron density evaluated from VLF amplitude Δt during X-ray solar flares. J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys. 69 (7),775–792. INTRODUCTION The measurement of Very Low Frequency (VLF) signals, generated by navigational transmitters is one of the reliable and cost-effective tools for remote sensing of the D-region electron density perturbations associated with solar flares as well as for understanding the dynamical processes in the D-region ionosphere. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Automatic Weather Electromagnetic System for Observation Modelling and Education (AWESOME, Stanford University, USA) VLF receiver located in middle latitude geographical station at the Shamakhy Astrophysical Observatory, Pirgulu, Azerbaijan (latitude 40°46’204 N, longitude 48°35’04E) was used to record the amplitude and phase perturbations of three VLF signals transmitted by GBZ transmitter (frequency f = 19,6 kHz) at Anthorn, Great Britain, JJI transmitter (f=22.2 kHz) at Ebino, Miyazaki, Japan and DHO transmitter (f = 23,4 kHz) at Rhauderfehn, Germany and propagating along the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (EIWG). Data on VLF waves, transmitted by navigational transmitters for years 2010-2011 were used to study changes in the VLF signal amplitude and phase in D-region with respect to solar flares. The solar flares of C, M and X classes which occurred during 2010-2011 (in total 133 flares – 110 C class, 21 M class, 2 X-class; low solar activity period of the solar cycle 24) are selected for comparative analysis of VLF data. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data were involved in this study. The local time dependence of solar flare effects on the change in the VLF amplitude, time delay between VLF peak amplitude and X-ray flux peak have been studied during morning, noon and evening periods of local daytime. Using the Long Wave Propagation Capability code V2.1 the D-region reflection height (H/) in km and and D-region electron density gradient or sharpness factor (β) in km-1 for each class of solar flare (C, M and X) have been estimated. Worldwide AWESOME Sites FLV sample data Worldwide Transmitters Sites Normal Day Comparison X-ray flux with VLF amplitude during Solar Flare Day with Solar Flares