My Just Educated Nine Very Showed Mother us planets Mercury Jupiter Earth Neptune Venus Saturn Mars uranus pluto

Newton 1686

Distance Velocity (km/s) Mercury 0.39 AU 47.9 Pluto 39 AU 4.7

1962 Distance from center Velocity difference from the sun (km/s)

Rubin and Ford 1970

Roberts and Whitehurst 1975

Bosma Thesis 1978 21-cm

1979

DARK MATTER DOES IT EXIST? YES (Newtonian gravitational theory) rotation curves of galaxies galaxy motions in clusters of galaxies gravitational lensing WHERE IS IT? HOW MUCH IS THERE? WHAT IS IT? DOES IT EXIST? NO (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics, MOND)

Matter in the Universe 14% baryonic dark matter 3% baryonic visible matter All matter in the universe 30% Dark Energy 70% 83% non-baryonic dark matter (cosmological constant) Matter in the Universe

MILKY WAY GALAXY AS SEEN BY COBE

Sorry, Dr. Rubin’s image not available Helmi and White 2001, Sorry, Dr. Rubin’s image not available

This is a NASA image, Dr. Rubin’s image was not available Sagittarius Stream “as seen from space” This is a NASA image, Dr. Rubin’s image was not available