Bahasa inggris 2 toefl preparation (structure session) Meeting 1 Prepared by Brahma putra pratama

Normal sentence pattern in English subject verb complement modifier John and I Bob ate studies a pizza English last night every day SUBJECT Every sentence in English must have a SUBJECT. The subject may be: a SINGLE NOUN: Coffee is delicious. Milk contains calcium. A NOUN PHRASE: The book is on the table. That new red car is John’s. A NOUN CLAUSE: The man who bring an umbrella is handsome. The car which was painted by Jonny hit the tree.

Normal sentence pattern in English VERB Every sentence in English must have a VERB. The verb may be: a SINGLE WORD: John drives too fast. They hate spinach A VERB PHRASE: John is going to Miami tomorrow. (auxiliary  is; main verb  going) Jane has been reading that book. (auxiliaries  has, been; main verb  reading) COMPLEMENT Every sentence DOES NOT REQUIRE a COMPLEMENT (object). A complement answers the question what? or whom? John bought a cake yesterday. (What did John buy?) She saw John at the movies last night. (Whom did she see at the movies?)

Normal sentence pattern in English MODIFIER A MODIFIER (adverb) tells the TIME, PLACE, or MANNER of the action. A MODIFIER of TIME comes LAST if more than one modifier is present. Every sentence DOES NOT REQUIRE a MODIFIER. A modifier answer the question when? where? or how? John bought a book at the book store. (Where did John buy a book?) Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday. (Where was Jill swimming? When was Jill swimming?) He drives his car very fast. (How does he drive?) The milk is in the refrigerator. (Where is the milk?) We had dinner at seven o’clock. (When did we have dinner?)

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN Noun phrase COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN Countable noun : book (one book, two books, …) student (one student, two students, …) person (one person, two persons / two people, …) person-persons/people child-children tooth-teeth foot-feet mouse-mice man-men woman-women advertisement-advertisements Uncountable noun : milk (one milk, two milks, …) sand soap physics mathematics news mumps air politics measles information meat homework food economics advertising money Some uncountable nouns may be used as countable to indicated different types. foods (a particular type of food: spicy food, salty food, etc.) meats (beef, pork, lamb, etc.)

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN With uncountable nouns Noun phrase COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN Uncountable noun  countable by adding quantifier: one glass of milk, two glasses of milk, … Some determiners : With countable nouns With uncountable nouns a, an, the, some, any this, that, these, those none, one, two, three, … many a lot of a large number of, a great number of a few, few fewer … than more … than the, some, any this, that none much (usually in negatives or questions) a large amount of a little, little less … than

Noun phrase A, AN, and, THE A or An  singular countable nouns  general statement or something which has not been mentioned previously a book a house a university an apple an hour an umbrella a white umbrella a whole hour The  something which has been known or is common knowledge The boy is my friend (the speaker and the listener know which boy) The earth is round (there is only one earth) Sugar is sweet (general-all sugar) The sugar on the table is from Cuba (specific-the sugar that is on the table)

Noun phrase Use THE with Don’t use THE with Ocean, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural lakes the Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes Mountains the Rocky Mountains, the Andes Earth, moon the earth, the moon School, colleges, universities preceded by school the University of Florida, the College of Arts and Sciences Ordinal number before nouns the First World War, the third chapter Wars (except world wars) the Crimean War, the Korean War Certain countries or groups of countries with more than one word (except Great Britain) the United States, the United Kingdom Historical documents the Constitution, the Magna Carta Ethic groups the Indians, the Aztecs Singular lakes Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Mounts Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley Planets, constellations Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion School, college, universities with a proper noun Santa Fe Community College, Stetson University Cardinal numbers after nouns World War One, chapter three Countries preceded by New or an adjective such as a direction New Zealand, South Africa, North Korea Countries with only one word France, Sweden, Venezuela Continents Europe, Africa, South America States Florida, Ohio, California Sports Baseball, basketball Abstract nouns Freedom, happiness General areas of subject matter Mathematics, sociology Holidays Christmas, Thanksgiving

With Uncountable Nouns Noun phrase OTHER With Countable Nouns With Uncountable Nouns an + other + singular noun (one more) another pencil = one more pencil the other + singular noun (last of the set) the other pencil = the last pencil present other + plural noun (more of the set) other pencils = some more pencils the other + plural noun (the rest of the set) the other pencils = all remaining pencils other + uncountable nouns (more of the set) other water = some more water the other + uncountable noun (all the rest) the other water = the remaining water

Noun phrase OTHER Another and other are nonspecific; the other is specific. Other can NEVER be plural if it followed by a noun. I don’t want this book. Please give me another. (another = any other book – not specific) I don’t want this book. Please give me the other. (the other = the other book – specific) This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too. (others = other chemicals – not specific) I don’t want these books. Please give me the others. (the others = the other books – specific) Substituting for the noun: other + one or ones I don’t want this book. Please give me another one. I don’t want this book. Please give me the other one. This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too. I don’t want these books. Please give me the other ones. This one and that one  correct These ones or those ones  incorrect ; just use these or those without adding ones