Incorporating Sources: Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Citing

Incorporating Sources Quoting Paraphrasing Summarizing

Quoting Repeating EXACTLY what another author or speaker wrote or said

Paraphrasing Putting a short passage from another author or speaker into your own style Paraphrasing should not alter the ideas of the original author or speaker Paraphrasing can be shorter or longer than the original passage

Summarizing Takes a long passage or whole document written by someone else and reduces it to main points in your own style Shorter than the original Should not alter the ideas of the original

When Should You Quote? The style of the original is impressive The author has credibility that will impress your reader You are going to analyze the wording of the original to make one of your points

Signal Phrases or Author Tags A signal phrase lets your reader know when you are about to use someone else’s ideas (QPS) Sample signal phrases: According to Author Name,… Author Name, economist, writes: As Author Name argues,…

Citation Styles: APA, MLA APA=American Psychological Association Social Sciences (sociology, psychology, anthropology, criminal justice) Business MLA=Modern Language Association Humanities & Fine Arts English Education

Avoid Plagiarism All use of sources must be CITED in either style Both styles use parenthetical citation (not footnotes or endnotes)

MLA Author-page number style Parenthetical citations include author last name and page number (Williams 64) when available. If author name is not available, whatever information is first on the Works Cited page is usually used in parentheses. Signal phrases almost always used

MLA Block Quotation 5 lines of text or more Indent 2 tabs Lead in with a colon (:) No quotation marks Parenthetical citation goes after final period

Quotation and Citation: MLA In MLA, whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize, the citation goes in parentheses at the end of the sentence that ends your use of the source. Put the NAME of the author, if it is available, a space, and the page number, if it is available, in the parenthesis with NO other punctuation. Put the final period outside the last quotation mark. (Brown 14).

Punctuating Quotations—Either Style If the quotations becomes a part of your sentence grammatically, put quotation marks around the words you take from the original and punctuate the sentence as normal. Any letters or words changed to make the sentence fit your grammar should be put in brackets []: Example: Marcus Renfield encourages us to see that “[t]he glories of the universe are not apparent to the naked eye.”

Quotes Within Quotes If the source you are using quotes someone else, and you want to quote that someone else, too: Attribute the quote to the person who really wrote or said it. Change your citation to show both the person you quoted and the author of your source. Example: Sidney Eddison says that to bloom in blue shades, “Hydrangeas require partial shade and an adequate soil Ph” (qtd in Prosper 191).

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing might best be described as translating a passage into a new style. All evidence of the original style, including sentence structure and word choices that reveal the original author’s personal style, should be changed. Some disciplines/instructors require that the order of ideas presenting should be significantly different from the original, too.

Paraphrasing Redux Original: “Teenagers are hurt by raising the minimum wage in two ways.” Bad paraphrase: “Teens are wounded by increasing the minimum wage in two fashions.” Why doesn’t it work? Only a few words were changed. The original sentence structure is still visible.

Paraphasing Redux Cont. Original: “Teenagers are hurt by raising the minimum wage in two ways.” Paraphrase: “For two reasons, increasing the minimum wage negatively affects workers age 16-19.” Hurray!!! The sentence is different, and only the phrase minimum wage remains the same.

Paraphrasing Redux—Cont. Q: Why is it okay to repeat the phrase “minimum wage”? A: No one researching or writing about the issue can avoid using “minimum wage,” so its use is not “stealing” someone’s style.

Paraphrasing Step By Step Select a passage to paraphrase. Read the passage until you feel like you understand it completely. Set aside the book, try to put the passage into your own organization and words. It may help to imagine an audience of a young child or elderly relative, because they will require a different vocabulary from most sources. You may include words for which there is no good synonym. Check your paraphrase against the original; it should be ACCURATE and IN YOUR OWN WORDS.

Poor Paraphrase Original: The worry on Wall Street is that the housing market is getting so weak it will crimp consumer spending, which until now has helped keep the economy afloat. Paraphrase: The concern on Wall Street is that the housing market is getting so pathetic that it will reduce consumer spending, which up until now has kept the economy from failing (Dixon, 2003).

Good Paraphrase Original: The worry on Wall Street is that the housing market is getting so weak it will crimp consumer spending, which until now has helped keep the economy afloat. Economists are concerned that consumer spending that is now keeping our national economy alive will soon be affected by the troubles in the housing market (Dixon, 2003).

Paraphrasing Practice Married women who made $40,000 or more a year spent nearly one hour less on housework per day than women who earned $10,000 or less, according to the findings based on data from the National Survey of Families and Households.

Summary Unlike paraphrase, summary does not go line-by-line to report on all the ideas from an original. Summary is a boiling down. Summary still requires citation.

Summary Guidelines Make sure you are accurate to the original. It is unethical to report that someone said something they didn’t. Make sure the main points are in your own words and avoid accidental plagiarism. Cite!

Citation: Use a Handbook or Guide for Your Style If you do not have a paper copy of a style handbook, find one in the library. Or, use the library reference shelf to find an online style guide that works for you.

Citing Figure out what information is available to you: What kind of source do you have? Who is the author? Where was it originally published? When?

Create a Works Cited Page Use a style guide to create as complete a citation as you possibly can. Alphabetize your citations according to first letter, regardless of whether the first letter is a name or a title or something else Double-space; use hanging indentation Top center title of page: Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) page. Proofread: Check your spelling of names and titles, and the location of your punctuation.

What about Turnitin.com? Your instructor can set turnitin to ignore everything in quotation or block quotes, so that that does not show up in an originality report. Jargon and keywords should be ignored unless there is another, equally clear way of saying the same thing. Significant phrase matches between your language and one of your sources may require revision.

Things to Remember Whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize, you should cite the ideas you get from your resources in your papers. MLA style users should always use signal phrases to introduce quotation. APA style users should change the location of their citation if they use a signal phrase.

Other Resources It is appropriate to go to the writing lab in Humanities 202 for help using sources. Hours are Monday: 9 a.m. - 7 p.m. Tuesday: 9 a.m. - 9 p.m. Wednesday: 9 a.m. - 7 p.m. Thursday: 9 a.m. - 7 p.m. Friday: 10 a.m. - 4 p.m.

MLA Citation Examples Original passage from page 248 of Ashley Montagu’s book, The American Way of Life: To be human is to weep.  The human species is the only one in the whole world of animate nature that sheds tears.  The trained inability of any human being to weep is a lessening of his capacity to be human – a defect that usually goes deeper than the mere inability to cry.  And this, among other things, is what American parents – with the best intentions in the world – have achieved for the American male.  It is very sad. If we feel like it, let us all have a good cry – and clear our minds of those cobwebs of confusion, which have for so long prevented us from understanding the ineluctable necessity of crying.

Now look at the various ways you can use the opinion expressed in the passage. Montagu claims that American men have a diminished capacity to be human because they have been trained by their culture not to cry (248). In his book The American Way of Life, Ashley Montagu writes, “The trained inability of any human being to weep is a lessening of his capacity to be human – a defect which usually goes deeper than the mere inability to cry” (248). According to Montagu, “To be human is to weep” (248). “If we feel like it,” writes Montagu, “let us have a good cry – and clear our minds of those cobwebs of confusion which have for so long prevented us from understanding the intellectual necessity of crying” (248).

One distinguished anthropologist calls the American male’s reluctance to cry “a lessening of his capacity to be human” (Montagu 248). Montagu finds it “very sad” that American men have a “trained inability” to shed tears (248). When my grandfather died, all the members of my family – men and women alike – wept openly.  We have never been ashamed to cry. As Montagu writes, “to be human is to weep” (248). I am sure we are more human, and in better mental and physical health, because we are able to express our feelings without artificial restraints. Montagu argues that it is both unnatural and harmful for American males not to cry: To be human is to weep.  The human species is the only one in the whole world of animate nature that sheds tears.  The trained inability of any human being to weep is a lessening of his capacity to be human – a defect that usually goes deeper than the mere inability to cry…. It is very sad. (248)

Basic In-Text Citation Rules ANYTHING that is not considered “common knowledge” must be cited in a paper. In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.

General Guidelines •The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source type (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page. •Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.

There are different ways to work-in citations There are different ways to work-in citations. The three main types are as follows: Paraphrasing information (putting it into your own words) and giving credit to the appropriate source for the information at the end of the sentence in a set of parentheses (known as a parenthetical citation). Example: The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Its MLA Formatting and Style Guide is one of the most popular resources (Stolley).

Using a direct quote from a source to support a point you are trying to make in your paper and supplying a parenthetical citation at the end. Example: One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism" (“Herzog: a Life”). Using phrases such as “As stated in...”, “According to...”, “The article “__________” found at _____________ says that....” to lead up to the name of the source and the corresponding information. Example: According to the 2010 article "TV's Top Kid Actor Makes How Much?" on the iVillage Entertainment News website, the highest paid teen boy and girl --both 16 years old --on television are Angus T. Jones and Miranda Cosgrove.