Lecture number 4 Mediaeval Eastern philosophy THE TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY CHAIR OF PUBLIC SCIENCES № 1 Lecture number 4 Mediaeval Eastern philosophy
1. Features of the Arab-Islamic philosophy. The plan: 1. Features of the Arab-Islamic philosophy. 2. Philosophical view of the medieval Eastern scholars. 3. Sufism.
Features Arab - Muslim Philosophy: F ilosofskaya thought was under more less exposure religionthan in Europe and East Asia. Union disparate Arab Tribes in single great State (Caliphate)contributed Focusing top drain in his Scientific centers andachievement most High level development philosophicalthought. Philosophy developed no only on background mythologiesdifferent Oriental people, young then and therefore no veryinfluential religions - Islam, but and on base highly science.
Arab and Arab - lingual science in this period gone far forward on Compared with European. In the VIII-IX centuries cultural development WestEurope was more on extremely, low level onCompared with Arab East, where already bloomedpowerful and original culture.
Individual Science, Development which contributedArab - lingual Science: 1. Geography. 2. A stronomiya. 3. Mathematics. 4. Physics. 5. Chemistry.
Arabs introduced Arab data in arithmetic. Great Merit Arabs in Physics and chemistry. Theyintroduced in European usage series importantTechnical new products: water and Mechanicalhours, cotton, and then and linen paper,gunpowder and much more.
Interest is the personality of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Kharizmi (780-850), author of several works on mathematics, which in the XII century. were translated into Latin and served four centuries in Europe textbooks. In Europe, on the algebraic techniques learned only from al-Kharizmi.
Flowering Arab culture (science, art, technology, andmedicine) to turn of the millennium I-II impact on Content philosophy. Attention to experienced knowledge and natural sciences disciplines fundamentally distinguishes Arabic - speaking philosophers Medieval from their colleagues Europeans. However in primary form Arab -lingual philosophical thought, which call "Alam to"dominate logical reasoning about Religious Dogmas Qur'an. Kalam one can call Mohammedan scholasticism,so as he also served religion, "In theory, t" justifying theology.
There was a Kalam in beginning of VIII century There was a Kalam in beginning of VIII century.One of authors right calls his metaphysical teaching about essence God, his attributes.Attempt support orthodox faith by means of adding to It "Mr. Small-scale dose " rational elements was made in the X century Al - Ashari(873-935).
Gradually developed own original philosophy, some as related with theology. largest Arab - lingual philosophers Medieval are Al - Kindi (800-879), Al - Farabi (870-950), Ibn -Sina (Avicenna) (c. 980-1037), Omar Khayyam (1049-1123),Ibn - Bad - Ms (Avempatse) (end of XI a. -1138), Ibn - Roshdy(Averroes) (1126-1198) and many others.
Successor affairs Al - Kindi considered Al - Farabi - “the first philosopher. "He very high honored all natural Science and medicine. Championship in sciences he gave mathematics and logic. This it is clear that thinker great value attached mind man,his development. He believed that only philosophy can give man understanding essence being. In his teaching Al - Farabi could combine philosophy Aristotle and Plato with teaching Neoplatonists. From first he took logic, the second borrowed ontological systems: God neoplatonovskaya "E Diniz" combined with ancient oriental symbolism world. And although Al - Farabi denied value mystical ecstasy, he supported idea about intelligence as special a manifestations.
It expiry Being of First Things, the expiration etimnogochislenny and all they divided on steps in hierarchical sequence. First stage Being is First Exists.For it followed by: in torye utter, active mind, soul,and matter.
"All begins with most perfect is continuing it through what less perfect, and so way, itshould be from imperfect to more less perfect, ending being outside whom impossible no more existence and out which, therefore, no more of being. "
We realize in form, substance takes heat, cold,dryness and moisture, result what formed four elements: fire, air, water and land. This elements are principles complex substances. "In the beginning elements mixed between yourself so way produce numerous opposite body. then these last partially mixed between a partially as between themselves, as well and with elementssuch image, the image following for first second mixture.
Matter there through availability form Matter there through availability form. Form same no can have nor Being nor Substance without matter. It there for to Bodywork substance was relevant. Matter can take different form. Matter acts as carrier unity, the form - as carrier multiplicity.
The soul is the fourth stage The soul is the fourth stage. She characterized the different abilities or powers: Mains power by which a person eats. The strength of feeling (sensory power) by which treats perceived. The power of imagination by which it brings, thinking power by which perceives intelligible objects intellektsii
Matter and Form "The matter - it is the highest and most significant of all being." Perceiving shape matter becomes substance. The material is also being placed on the steps and back from the less perfect to the more perfect. The least advanced to more sovershennomu.Naimenee perfect is total primary matter. Followed: the elements, minerals, plants, animals, deprived of reason, rational animal, which no one is superior, intelligent animal that no one is superior.
Here are some of the great names of the Arabic-speaking thinkers: 1. Muhammedal-Battani (850-929) - astronomer, to make new astronomical tables; 2. Ibn Yulas (950-1009), known advances in trigonometry, compiled a table of observations of lunar and solar eclipses; 3. Ibn al-Haytham (965-1020), who made important discoveries in the field of optics; 4. Al-Biruni (973-1048) - the author of numerous works on the history, geography, philology, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and created the foundations of the theory on the share;
5. Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037) - philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, physician, whose "Canon of Medicine" has won international recognition and is of some educational interest today; 6. Omar Khayyam (1048-1122) - not only a great poet but also a famous in its time mathematician, astronomer, engineer, philosopher; 7. Ibn Rushd (1126-1198) - philosopher, scientist, who achieved great success in the field of alchemy.
Abu Ali Ibn Sina (980 - 1037). In the East, this scientist named Al - Sheikh - Spiritual Guide or ar - Rice - Head and he had another honorary title - Hujjat Al - Haq, ie The authority of truth. In the west, in the Middle Ages - Christian Europe, he was known as Avitsennu.On wrote more than 300 works on medicine, philosophy and other sciences.
Main philosophical works of Ibn Sina - encyclopedic work "Book of Healing" - consists of four sections: logic, physics, mathematics (geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy) and metaphysics. This work joins written in Farsi "Book of Knowledge" ("Danysz-name"). In an abbreviated presentation of the philosophical ideas of the "Book of Healing" contained in the "Book of salvation."
Philosophy In the classification of philosophical science and understanding of the subject of metaphysics (things as such), Ibn Sina followed Aristotle. Following al-Farabi, Ibn Sina distinguishes perhaps existent, due to the other, and absolutely necessary existent, by itself (in it the essence and existence identical, while perhaps their existing - different). Absolutely necessary things - for God Ibn Sina, in contrast to Aristotle, not only ultimate cause of all other own who, but the identity of according to the theistic worldview Islam.
An imprint on the development of the Arab-speaking philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, literature, left Omar Khayyam. In a sign of the highest respect for the ruler of Bukhara in conversations put him next to her. It was in the true sense lexicographer: a famous doctor, a famous mathematician, astronomer recognized, the inimitable poet.
Proceedings of Alisher Navoi devoted literature, philosophy, ethics, linguistics, aesthetics, music, stories, poetry and science. He wrote more than 30 works. Of these, the most famous "wall of Iskander", "Farhad and Shirin", "Layla Majnun", "Sabai Sayer" ("Seven Planets"), "Hayratul Abror" ("Confusion just"), "The judgment of the two languages," "Beloved hearts," "Life of Hasan Ardasher", "History of the Prophets and muretsov", "Munshoat" ("Source"), etc.
Navoi philosophical outlook is based on the idea of pantheism and Sufism. In his world view, he iskhoit from the unity of God, man and nature. Thinker believes that people can be happy in this world, but for that he must constantly seek knowledge of the secrets of nature.
In its socio - political views Navoi attached great importance to the appointment of the state of governance issues, cases and actions against its ruler served. According to Navoi, the head of state should be an enlightened ruler, which rightly belongs to his subjects, to care about their well-being, think about the prosperity of the country.
Navoi sang true friendship between the people, contrasting it with hatred, deceit, ignorance, hypocrisy and other moral vices. The main characters in the works of Navoi - many nations: Iskander (Alexander) - Greek Majnun - Arab, Shirin - Armenian, Shopur - Iranian, Farhad - Turk, etc. Navoi ideas of friendship and brotherhood of peoples were against violence, cruelty and strife. Social - philosophical ideas Navoi permeated deep humanism and rationalism and directed the service of man, just and reasonable unit of society.
Sufis - the mystics of Islam Sufis - the mystics of Islam. This is a mixed composition group of ascetics, hermits, dervishes and fanatical warriors for the faith, who in their religious zeal are willing to give up everything in the name of holy faith and righteous life by seeking to get closer to Allah, to dissolve it, to know its ultimate divine truth. Sufis (from the word "suf" meaning rough woolen cloak, which they wore) - a kind of Muslim monks. The first Sufi religious communities appeared in Iraq (Kufa, Basra, Baghdad) and Syria in the early VIII., Then they quickly spread everywhere from Spain to India.
Devoting himself to Allah, seeking to get away from worldly affairs, abandoning the property and from earthly attachments, pacify their feelings and passions, the Sufis as opposed to a usual faithful and considered optional for themselves the norms of life, rituals and conventions that have been required for the latter. So, instead of praying five times a Sufi ritual usually performed rites (dhikr), the form of which ranged from the ecstatic trance to deep inner concentration, which is close to the Indo-Buddhist meditation.
The world, the whole world - is the embodiment of God The man - part of the world (eventually merge with it on).
Being a Sufi - so always stay true to God, to be in contact with people sincere, affectionate, gentle, to live with them in the world, not to shift its Nome on the shoulders of others, to take on all of the people are willing. Rule of Sufism Poverty - it makes the man Patience - its decoration Forbearance - his horse Faith - the authority
Sufi path Sharia - the first stage - is the beginning of the path of knowledge, the body of Islamic religious law, he still can not relate to Sufism in the narrow sense of the word, but at the same time, this step is necessary for the Sufis, for not passed it, you can not come on the way forward (5 pillars of Islam). "Five in Islam" 1 - professed faith 2 - prayers five times a day pronunciation, 3 - fasting Ramadan 4 - a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, 5 - Payment of Sunset (offering sacrifices in the name of Allah).
Tariqa - the second stage - or the path of spiritual development, which contains a variety of moral and psychological methods by which the person seeking self-improvement, can be directed to the target by the shortest route. It is a kind of spirit guide in search of God. Tariqa means spiritual life traveler on the path of knowing God. Every traveler who has chosen the Sufi method of knowing the truth, has his own, personal, peculiar to himself the spiritual world. Because Sufi sheikhs say that the number of paths to God corresponds to the number of travelers
ma'rifah - Sufi considered below a certain knowledge, he was able to perfectly blend into an ecstatic trance to Allah and had the right to teach the young. Hakikat - meant the complete attainment of truth and union with the Divine, available only to a few.
3 for in Sufism: 1) Mansour Fallozh, Farididdin Attori, Rumi. In their view, the supreme beauty, joy, happiness of man lies in his meeting with the love of his death. The man on the road to spiritual and psychological perfection has 4 stages
First - Sharia (sequential compliance and dogmas Sharia religious rituals). The second - the path of spiritual development, curbing appetite. Third - education, awareness and understanding that the foundation of all things, of all things - God, they are one with him. Fourth - the truth, it reaches a Sufi, when it comes to the abode of God, sees his face, connects to it, thus it takes death as the validity and inevitability.
The main work of Ghazali - four volumes of "Ihy Ulum al-Din") "Revival of the Religious Sciences"), "Kimeym Saodat" ("The Philosopher's Stone of Happiness"), Chahar kitab "(" Four Books "). In the history of Muslim theology Ghazali came as a renovator theoretically dogmas of Islam, systematizer his theological philosophy - Kalam. For these achievements clergy called him "the great Imam", "protector of religion of Islam."
3) The third current associated with the teachings of the Sufi Naqshbandi. This flow was formed in the late 8th century. In Central Asia, it has been widely developed in the 14-15 centuries. The course is closely associated with the teaching Yassavi.