Chapter 23 APUSH Mrs. Price “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.” Mahatma Gandhi
America & the Great War Causes: 1. Imperialism 2. Militarism 3. Nationalism 4. System of Alliances - Triple Entente (Allies) - Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
Imperialism
Militarism 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%
Nationalism
Alliance System Pre-War: Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Wartime: Allies: same as Triple Entente plus additional countries Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand June 28, 1914 By Gavrilo Princip
Germany Invades Neutral Belgium The Schlieffen Plan
US Gets Pulled into WWI Close ties with Allies Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare (1916) The Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)
Zimmermann Telegram (Feb 1917): secret proposal for alliance between Germany & Mexico
Russian Revolution (March 1917) April 6, 1917: Congress declares war
Wilson Idealism US entered the war to “make the world safe for democracy” 1. Sold to US by George Creel 2. Committee on Public Information
Fourteen Points Address to Congress Jan 1918 Set of idealistic goals for peace League of Nations
On the Home Front To control dissent: -Espionage Act -Sedition Act -Sabotage Act
War Production War Industries Board (B. Baruch) National War Labor Board New opportunities for women & African-Americans -Great Migration
Women & the War
African Americans & the War
War Economy War bonds (Liberty Bonds) New Taxes
US Experience in WWI Draft: Selective Service Act (1917) American Expeditionary Force (AEF) -Led by Gen. John J. Pershing -Size of US military helped demoralize Germans
Significant Battles Chateau-Thierry Meuse-Argonne
Trench Warfare
New Technology New, improved machine guns Higher power artillery Tanks Flamethrowers Chemical weapons Airplanes submarines
New Weapons
U-Boats
High Causality Rates 1 million G.Britain 1.7 million France 2 million Germany 112,000 US (1/2 due to battle)
The Somme American Cemetery, France
War Ends! 11/11/1918: Armistice is signed War lasted 4 years; US troops involved for just over 5 months Paris Peace Conference: Dec 1918
The Big Four
Treaty of Versailles Germany lost territory New Countries created: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland Germany’s army & navy were reduced Reparations to Allies ($33 billion) League of Nations Germany signs after France threatens to invade
Post WWI Map of Europe
Opposition to Treaty in US US Senate refused to ratify treaty Wilson refused to compromise, appealed to public Strong opposition from Sen. Lodge Democrats lost 1920 election & treaty was dead US declared an end to war with Germany in 1921
Impact of Treaty German economic collapse Destroyed German middle class Set stage for rise of Hitler & WWII
Post War problems Severe recession begins in 1920 Series of strikes Farm prices fall High unemployment, businesses fail Series of strikes Seattle Boston
Bomb scares 36 bombs discovered in mail Sept 1920: Bombing on Wall Street
Red Scare Period of anticommunist hysteria Response to Bolshevik Revolution (1917) 1919: Communist International created
Palmer Raids Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer Ordered arrest of thousands of suspected radicals Poor immigrants were targeted & deported