The Scientific Revolution Standard 7-3.1

Goal What were the major achievements and contributions of the Scientific Revolution

Terms/People to know Scientific Revolution Scientific Method Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Francis Bacon Isaac Newton

Background History Middle Ages --People looked to ancient philosophers for information about science Beginning of Renaissance --Began to look to Greek & Roman philosophers like Aristotle Later During the Renaissance --Thinkers looked to themselves

Definition Scientific Revolution— “Was a time of tremendous growth in the sciences (math, physics, astronomy, and medicine). Ideas were spread very quickly during this period thanks to the printing press.”

Accomplishments

Nicolaus Copernicus Born February 19, 1473), Died May 24, 1543 (aged 70), Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance man. He also was a lawyer, tax collector, a doctor, military governor, judge, vicar-general of canon law and a Polish astronomer. Nicolaus Copernicus said that the earth was not stationary. He also said the earth turned on its axis once a day and he doubted the earth lay in the middle of the universe. He claimed that the sun was the center of the universe and all the planets revolved around the sun. He also published a book on the revolution of the heavenly bodies. His book De Revolutions was his most famous piece of work.

Galileo Galilei Born February 15, 1564 Died January 8, 1642 (aged 77) 1597 Constructed a military compass. Brought him acclaim and a substantial income. 1609 Built a "telescope" (although he was not the first to do so.) This enabled him to: 1. see craters on the moon, which was previously thought to be a smooth sphere.  2. discover four moons around Jupiter. The only planet believed to have a moon was the Earth  3. observe Venus shows phases (just like the moon of the Earth.)  1610 We wrote the book called The Sidereal Messenger. These findings were strong evidence supporting heliocentrism (Sun-centered universe) which was, at the time, against the teachings of the Bible and the Catholic Church. Galileo was then warned by the church not to teach heliocentrism as fact, only as a theory.  1623 After the appearance of three new comets in 1618, Galileo published a short work entitled The Assayer in which he supported heliocentrism and free scientific inquiry  1632 The climax of Galileo's publishing was the book, (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican.) The intent of the book was to present an conversation between three individuals regarding the geocentric (Ptolemaic) and heliocentric (Copernican) models of the universe. Throughout the book, however, the person defending the Ptolemaic view presented himself as a fool. For defying the warning of the Catholic Church Galileo was forced to recant and was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life.

Francis Bacon Birth 22 January 1561 Death 9 April He was an English philosopher, statesman, and essayist. He is also known as one of the heads of the scientific revolution. He worked to create the scientific method. Bacon was knighted in 1603 He has been credited as the creator of the English essay.

Isaac Newton Born 4 January 1643) England Died 31 March 1727 (aged 84) 1668, Newton built the first reflecting telescope. He development calculus. Newton who struck upon the Laws of Motion and the Law of Gravitation. 1689-90 He sat in parliament. 1696, he was appointed warden of the Mint; and then, in 1699, he was appointed the master of the Mint, a position which he held until his death. 1703, Newton was to become the president of the Royal Society In 1705, Newton was knighted by Queen Anne.

What Changed? Inventions of the— Telescope Microscope Barometer . . . all allowed scientists to make their own observations about nature and the world around them.

What Changed cont’? Observations, experiments, and dissections allowed scientists to learn more about the human body—which improved Medicine

Observe/Identify a problem Scientific Method Observe/Identify a problem Hypothesize Predict Test Modify

Effects People did not always believe the Scientific Revolution scientist’s Many of these scientist’s ideas and beliefs went directly against the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church (who still believed and supported the ancient thinkers). Because of this many scientists were excommunicated (kicked out of the church) Example: When Galileo’s work upset the Catholic church he was put on trial and placed on house-arrest for the rest of his life.

Questions Describe some of the new advancements made during the Scientific Revolution. How did the Roman Catholic Church respond to the Scientific Revolution?