Revolution and Enlightenment Chapter 10 Section 1

Causes of the Scientific Revolution Before SR, Aristotle called the shots The Renaissance Scholars learned Latin and Greek A Few began to question the old ways

New Technology New problems required observation and measurement New instruments Telescope and microscope Printing Press Mathematics New advancements in Math Algebra Geometry

Scientific Breakthroughs

The Ptolemaic System Geocentric Theory Earth was unmoving object at center of universe Moon, sun, and planets move around earth Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars Heaven far beyond sphere

How could you believe this? Aristotle in 4th century B.C. Ptolemy in 2nd century AD

Christianity supported theory God created Man Man is most important creation Man is at the center To disagree is Blasphemy Blasphemy is bad

Heliocentric Theory Nicolaus Copernicus On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies Stars, earth, and planets revolve around the Sun Contradicted religious views Feared ridicule and persecution Didn’t publish findings until year before he died - 1543

Johannes Kepler Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler’s First Law Planetary orbits are elliptical Sun at end of ellipse, not center

Galileo Galilei Used telescope to observe planets The Starry Messenger Destroyed idea of heavenly objects as orbs of light

Problems with the Church Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his ideas Threatened concept of the universe Humans no longer center of universe God no longer in specific place

Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant leaders Publicly silent but continues working 1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial

1633 – reads confession Threatened w/torture Agreed ideas of Copernicus were false Lived under house arrest Dies - 1642

Newton’s View of the Universe Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the Principia Laws of Motion Universal Law of Gravitation World-Machine concept

Law of Universal Gravitation Every object in universe attracts every other object Degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them What’s it mean?

Philosophy and Reason Rene Descartes Inspired by Scientific Revolution Doubt and uncertainty everywhere Doubt inspired learning Cannot doubt existence “I think, therefore I am” Mind cannot be doubted Body and material world can be

Mind and matter are completely separate Mind cannot be doubted Body and material world can be Mind and matter are completely separate Matter should be viewed as detached from the mind Investigated by reason What does this all mean? Reason is chief source of knowledge

Bacon and the Scientific Method Scientists should not rely on ancient authority Scientific Method Step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data

Developed by Francis Bacon Believed in use of inductive reasoning Specific to the general Free of opinion Start with facts and proceed to general principles Goal was to advance human life with new discoveries Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade

Breakthroughs in Medicine Galen – Greek physician in A.D. 100s Teachings dominated Middle Ages Based on animal dissection 16th Century scientists change ideas

Medicine and the Human Body Andreas Vesalius Dissected human corpses On the Fabric of the Human Body Filled w/detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscle

William Harvey On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in America Heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body

Breakthroughs in Chemistry Robert Boyle First scientist to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry Relationship between volume and pressure of gases Antoine Levoisier System for naming chemical elements Founder of Modern Chemistry

Contributions of Women Scholarship was considered the domain of men Women belong at home with the children

Margaret Cavendish Criticized belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature

Women could be astronomers in Germany Worked with fathers and husbands Maria Winkelmann Assisted her husband Discovered her own comet Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy They felt members would be appalled