Unit 5: Struggle for Control (1670 – 1774) Topics Discussed in this Unit: Conflict: Britain vs. France Fur Country The Atlantic Three Pronged Attack Battle on the Plains of Abraham British Military Proclamation Act 1763 Quebec Act 1774

Overview Activity Turn to Pg. 58 and 59 Look at the Pictures Read as a class Discuss

Britain vs. France Turn to Pg. 61 Read the first two paragraphs Complete first page of Worksheet 1 as a class

Fur Trade: French vs. British – Pg. 62/3 Britain & HBC 1670 Interested in business first Set up forts around the Bay and waited for Native people to come Cheap and easy France Travelled deep into the interior Expensive and time consuming Developed great relationships France colonized to fund the fur trade; Britain did not at first Aboriginal Fur trade, Saskatchewan July 1690

Frontenac Expands – Pg. 62/3 Governor Frontenac expands the French fur trade into the Ohio and Mississippi Valley By the 1730s, France expanded and established trading forts closer to the Native people Allowed them to cut-off British fur traders

French take Military Action – Pg. 62/3 Between 1679 – 1713 the French attack the British to gain control of Rupert’s Land Both countries are unable to take full control Treaty of Utrecht 1713 – Rupert’s Land to Britain The French with their native allies attack the British in Rupert’s Land. March 1711

The Battle for the Atlantic

The Battle for the Atlantic Acadia and Newfoundland were very good fishing areas Strategic location: control access of the St. Lawrence River and Quebec After the Treaty of Utrecht 1713, Britain was given Acadia and Newfoundland

The Battle for the Atlantic – Louisbourg To fix problems of the Treaty of Utrecht Looked to Ille Royale (Cape Breton Island) for fishing and military strength Began to construct Louisbourg: a military fort considered indestructible

The Battle for the Atlantic – Louisbourg 1745 – Britain successful in taking it because it was surrounded by hills, allowing them to attack from above Forced to return in 1748 (treaty in Europe) Now the French, and British knew the fort could be taken

Important Locations and Treaties Newfoundland-was an important fishing area given to the British in 1713 Ils Royale-New French fishing area after 1713 and the location of Louisbourg Louisbourg-French military fortress Acadia-French farming colony in the Atlantic that was given to the British in 1713 Halifax-British military fort created to protect the people of the 13 colonies Important Treaties: Treaty of Utrecht: signed in 1713-gave British the rights to Rupert’s Land, Newfoundland, and Acadia Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: signed in 1748, gave Louisbourg back to the French Treaty of Paris: signed in 1763, gave all French territory in North America to the British. (except for the two small islands of St. Pierre and Maquelon)

Acadians Refuse the Oath of Allegiance 1713: Britain took control of Acadia Britain gave the French people of Acadia a choice to sign an Oath of Allegiance or face deportation An Oath meant they had to support the British in future wars against the French They wished to remain neutral Acadian Leader refusing to sign the oath of allegiance. 1754

What should the British do? 1750s, another war coming Governor Lawrence Too dangerous to leave Acadia, while the British fought against the French 1754: Gave them one more year to decide 1755 Acadians refuse Governor issues deportation order Governor Lawrence informing the Acadians of their deportation, 1754

Acadians Deported, 1755 Most sent back to France, some escaped to Louisiana and Cape Breton Island The British Army Burned homes Took homes Killed Acadians 11 000 Acadians deported Britain now free to sail up the St. Lawrence River British ships take the rest of the Acadians into exile, 1758

Three-Pronged Attack – Pg. 70

Three-Pronged Attack – Pg.70 In 1756, the Seven Years War started in Europe As with earlier wars, this effected the French and British colonization in North America Britain wanted to win quickly in NA They brought 8 times more than the French The French thought the war in Europe was more important Britain begins its attack! Louisbourg Ohio Valley Quebec

1. Capture of Louisbourg – Pg.70 Britain attacked Louisbourg in 1758 Goals Weaken the French military Take control of the St. Lawrence River Freely sail up the river to attack Quebec Gained the high ground Took control in less than 60 days Louisbourg almost completely destroyed 1758

2. Capturing the Ohio Valley – Pg.70 Britain wanted to deal with the large number of French in the Ohio Valley before taking Quebec Worried about having French traders at their backs Once Louisbourg was taken, it was easy to push the French out

3. Capture of Quebec– Pg.71 Quebec was the centre of French power in NA 1759 - General James Wolfe led the British army up the St. Lawrence River and attacked Unsuccessful for 3 months Wolfe decided to attack from upriver (better location) to cut off Quebec’s supplies

Battle on the Plains of Abraham - 72 Wolfe Landing at the Plains of Abraham, September, 1759 Wolfe hoped to split the French army and force them to fight in the open plains Sailed up the St. Lawrence River near the Plains of Abraham

Battle on the Plains of Abraham - 72 Britain’s success for 2 reasons: French not used to fighting in the open fields; more comfortable fighting in the forests French army was split French General, Marquis de Montcalm sent his troops to two different locations Sept. 1759 – Quebec falls 1760 – Montreal surrenders 1763 Treaty of Paris signed Hands over most of the French territory in NA to Britain Fighting on the Plains of Abraham September, 1759

British Military Rule 1760 – 63 – Pg. 78/9 Quebec ruled by a military government (1760 – 1763) British King was still busy fighting in Europe No big changes, but time of great uncertainty for the French people remaining in Quebec (Canadiens) Will they be deported like the Acadians? New France lost its main political, business, and religious leaders who returned to France Much of French daily life maintained

Treaty of Paris 1763 France gives up all of its possessions in New France and Acadia France keeps two small islands: St. Pierre Miquelon Ended French influence in North America Led to the Royal Proclamation of 1763

Options Opened to the British After the Treaty of Paris, the British have to deal with a large population of the French in Quebec. What do you think they should they do ?

Options Opened to the British Deportation Force the French to leave Quebec Maintain the Status Quo Allow French to keep their way of life Isolation Give the French people a new area of land

Options Opened to the British 4. Assimilation Force the French to become British 5. Biculturalism Have a colony where both French and British cultures exist

Proclamation Act 1763 – Pg. 82 Aims: Assimilation: make Quebec British Laws, customs, language, religion Attract British settlers Limit the size of Quebec Cut the Montreal fur traders out of the Western market Reassure the Native people that their Ohio Valley territory would be protected

Proclamation Act 1763 – Pg. 82 Why? Wanted to keep the British people in Quebec loyal Realized the Natives were unhappy because many people from the Thirteen Colonies were moving into their land Key Items Settlement in the Ohio and Mississippi valley forbidden French language and Roman Catholicism allowed

The Quebec Act 1774 – Pg. 84 Aim: Biculturalism: allow French and British ways of life Wanted to gain the loyalty of the Canadiens (French-speaking Canadians) Language: French language allowed Religion: Roman Catholic Church allowed to continue and collect taxes Boundaries enlarged to include the fur trading areas of Ohio and Mississippi

The Quebec Act 1774 – Pg. 84 Government: Quebec ruled by an appointed British governor and an appointed council Roman Catholics allowed in government positions French civil law English criminal law Land Holding System: Seigneurial system remains – similar to the British freehold system Boundaries enlarged to include the fur trading areas of Ohio and Mississippi