Smallpox Smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases the world has ever known. It killed millions of people every year. Few people reached adulthood without having caught smallpox. Fatality rates were often around 10%. At the end of the eighteenth century, smallpox caused 20% of all deaths in Glasgow. Nine out of ten people who died of smallpox were under 5 years of age. In 1967 the World Health Organisation undertook an intensive worldwide vaccination programme. Smallpox is the first, and so far the only, disease we have ever eradicated from the Earth and it was thanks to vaccination.

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Importance of immunisation The most effective intervention (most effective public health intervention after clean water) Globally, 3 million deaths per year and 750,000 children disabled by vaccine-preventable infections 1 in 4 children (~30 million) have no access to vaccination for 6 EPI diseases (measles, polio, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, TB)

TERMS???? Immunity is what you get when you are exposed to a disease, either by contracting the disease or being vaccinated against it. Your body is then "immune" to the disease because your immune system know what that virus "looks like” and can destroy it easily. Vaccination is the injection of a dead microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, thereby preventing disease.

Specific immune system Antigens (usually proteins) are structures found on the surface of every cell. The antigens on the surface of microbes are different to the antigens found on the surface of our cells. The antigens allow the body to recognize invading microbes as a foreign substance ‘non self’ and stimulate an immune response. Antigens on the surface of a microbe.

Specific immune system Antibody An antibody is a protein that is produced by white blood cells in response to the presence of a specific antigen. Specific antibodies bind to specific antigens and cause their destruction. Antibody

Activity 1 – Complete Immunisation

Fighting disease NATURAL IMMUNITY This is when antibodies are produced by a person when needed or they are passed on by the mother during pregnancy. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY Can be done in two ways: A vaccine with dead microbes is injected – the body is “tricked” into producing antibodies ready for the real thing. This is called PASSIVE IMMUNISATION The antibodies are injected directly into the body – this is called ACTIVE IMMUNISATION.

Vaccination You can become immune to a disease through vaccination.   Immunization programmes and the development of new vaccines play an important role in protecting individuals against illness. Vaccination works by safely exposing individuals to a specific pathogenic microbe, artificially increasing their immunity to it. Vaccination

How does it work?

Vaccination Vaccines are made from: Live micro-organisms that have been ‘treated’ so that they are weakened (attenuated) and are unable to cause disease. Dead micro-organisms. Some part or product of the micro-organism that can produce an immune response. Vaccine production.

Vaccines Vaccines are given Vaccines help to people by protect you against many diseases Vaccines are given to people by doctors, nurses or health administrators Some vaccines are injected, like the HPV vaccine. Some can be taken by mouth like the polio vaccine Vaccines contain antibodies that fight against specific diseases Vaccines

Examples of diseases that can be vaccinated against HPV Meningitis Mumps Measles Hepatitis B Rubella Flu and Pneumonia Polio Typhoid Hepatitis A Cholera Tetanus