Development and Health By Sophie & Shannon

What is development and sustainability? Development is any improvement in the standard of living of people within a country. Sustainability refers to the needs of future generations and to not spoil the landscape, land resources, water resources, atmosphere and oceans.

Positive factors Positive factors include accessibility for good trade, a pleasant climate or attractive scenery to encourage tourism, natural resources like oil or other minerals, stable government and an increasingly educated workforce. Negative factors Negative factors include remoteness, a very cold or very dry climate, disease, lack of natural resources, corrupt government, civil war, natural disasters like drought, cyclones, floods or earthquakes, fast growing population and crippling debt.

Indicators of development There is a number of ways to measure development. -Economic indicators -Social indicators -Combined indicators Development Indicator South Korea Burkina Faso GNP/capita (US$) 7970 240 Doctors/100,000 people 127 5 Adult literacy (%) 98 22 Birth rate per 1000 15 45 Life expectancy (years) 72 44 Number of universities 39 1

Economic development Is a measure of a country's wealth and how it is generated (for example agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking).

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country in a year. Gross National Product (GNP) This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country and services earned abroad in one year. People employed in agriculture A country where most people work in agriculture has very little industry. This means the wealth of the country is limited

Energy per person The energy used in a country divided by the number of people in that country. Countries with a higher standard of living and industries will use more energy. For example, the UK has 83% of internet users compared to Afghanistan’s 6%. This is because Afghanistan is a developing country.

Problems with economic indicators Wealth may not always be evenly spread Wealth does not equate to quality of life Indicators are an average for a country One indicator doesn’t give enough information Wealth needs to be taken in respect of what can be bought for that money.

Social Indicators Social indicators show how a country uses its wealth to improve the lives of its people

Death rate The number of people who die for every 1000 people who live in the country. Life expectancy The number of years on average that people live. Adult literacy The number of adults who can read in every 1000 of the population Calories per person The average number of calories consumed by each person per day.

Other indicators include: Protein per person per day Population per doctor Infant mortality For example, the UK has an adult literacy rate of 99% compared to Mali’s 32%.

Physical Quality of Life Index The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale

Problems with social indicators One indicator does not provide enough information Indicators disguise variations Indicators do not take in to account specific circumstances

Dividing the world The world can be divided up in a number of ways. (geographically, politically, climate) In this unit we will look at the division due to development stages There are two categories of development: - More economically developed countries (MEDC) - Less economically developed countries (LEDC)

MEDC This includes countries such as Britain, America, Japan and many more These countries are seen to have a better standard of living for their population. They have a developed industry base. With many industries in the tertiary and quaternary sectors They have a high human development index

LEDC This includes countries such as brazil, Ethiopia, Bangladesh and many more. They have a relatively low standard of living They tend to have a underdeveloped industrial base They have moderate to low Human development index. Often widespread poverty in the country

Inequalities through out the world The world is divided in to developed and developing regions. This done my using social, economic and combined factors to measure the level of development.

Reasons for inequalities There are a number of reasons why development is uneven throughout the world. - Trade - Population growth - Industrialisation - Political turmoil - Physical factors

Trade Poorer countries supply resources such as timber, agriculture, oil and mining products, often at low prices. These products are used in manufacturing industries to make products which are then sold for large profits, often to poorer countries. Tea and cotton are examples of a low profit, raw material which sells for more once processed. If poorer countries could begin to process the materials themselves they could make more money. However, the process is often too expensive for them to set up and richer countries make it difficult for them as they want to avoid the competition for their goods.

Population growth Population growth can have an impact on the level of development within a country. If a developing nation has a rapid increase in its population such as those seen in Ethiopia, then the country’s economy cannot keep up with this population growth. It cannot provide jobs, housing or medical facilities for the population. This can lead to a case where the pressures on the country are increased

Industrialisation Industrialisation is the movement of a country from a predominantly agricultural (pre-industrial) society where capital accumulation is low, to an industrial society where capital accumulation is high. This is due to the difference in value of primary and secondary products. This movement involves both social and economic changes. The amount of money available to reinvest in to a country will increase, this will further develop the country. With industrialisation comes an improvement of the country’s infrastructure.

Political turmoil In any country attempting to develop then capital investment needs to be made in to that country. This is to provide better infrastructure for its industries, to create a skilled labour force and healthy population. In a country with political turmoil you may have civil unrest with conflict between parties, money may often not be invested in to the required projects and priorities. One problem that can often be seen is corrupt governments that may embezzle money. I.e. Zimbabwe

Physical factors If a country is prone to drought this can lead to famine. It also makes it difficult to have a reliable source of agricultural income, if your crop fails and you are dependent on agricultural goods for both your income and your food source then difficulties arise.

Case study: Brazil Brazil has expanded its industry greatly in recent times, mainly in the south-east of the country. The south east also has: 84% adult literacy 57% of Brazil's wealth 42% of Brazil's energy use

Amazonia is huge but has very few people. It has: 58% adult literacy 4% of Brazil's wealth 1% of Brazil's energy use Brazil also has huge contrasts between its urban rich and its urban poor. The rich: live in modern apartments have good, well-paid jobs can afford all modern luxuries have a western-style standard of living can give their children a full education

In comparison, the urban poor: live in overcrowded favelas have no clean water or sanitation work in the 'informal' sector can give their children, at best, a limited education

Health

Malaria the global 'at risk' population is around 3.4 billion people, roughly half of the world’s population it is an endemic disease, with 106 endemic countries the number of infected people is around 500 - 600 million at any one time Malaria is found within the tropics, reflecting the presence of a parasite-carrying mosquito. This tends to be at altitudes of up to 3000 metres, with high humidity, where temperatures are above 15°C and below 40°C

Physical and Human Physical Human Temperatures must be between 15-40°C Houses create areas of shade for the mosquitoes to rest The presence of the female anopheles mosquito Global air travel contributes to the spread Humidity of 60 per cent plus Settlements provide large populations for blood meals Stagnant water, eg paddy fields needed to lay larvae Poor sanitation in shanty towns can contribute to areas of stagnant water

Methods used to control malaria This is a very effective way of reducing incidence of malaria and is relatively cheap. Each bed net costs only £3. However, many people in rural Malawi are unable to afford this. In the last 15 years, the Ministry of Health and charities such as Nothing but Nets, have distributed bed nets across Malawi. In 1997 only 8 per cent of homes in Malawi had bed nets. By 2004 the average was 50 per cent.