Principles of Flight 13-17 FEB 2017

Flight Test 6.3 Do Now Monday, 13 FEB 17 Take out notebook Open to FT 6.0 Mini-Lesson K: Three Gas Laws MATERIALS – Gather balloons SAFETY – Pick up safety eyewear FT 6.0 DUE at end of class today (tomorrow is OKAY) Flight Test 6.3 Day Three

Mini-Lesson K: Three Gas Laws Boyle's Law: The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. When the VOLUME gets smaller, the PRESSURE gets higher Charles' Law: the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature. When the TEMPERATURE gets higher, the VOLUME gets higher Gay-Lussac's Law: The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure. When the PRESSURE gets higher, the TEMPERATURE gets higher

Flight Test 6.3 Inside Testing 13 FEB 17 Double check with group: Criteria for Success? Are you collecting data including units? When testing: How much mass is the individual balloon lifting? How much is the mass of one small paper clip? How about one large paperclip? How many paperclips are necessary to maintain neutral buoyancy? Follow SAFETY instructions Flight Test 6.3 Day Three

Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in Complete EW 6.0 (if necessary) Study for HTA Test Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in

Flight Test 7.0 Do Now Tuesday, 14 FEB 17 FT 6.0 DUE at beginning of class today. Take out notebook Pick up new blue Engineering Worksheet Update engineering worksheet: Current Unit – LTA Principle at Work –Directional control requires an application of both THRUST and DRAG Select new Group Roles/Tasks for FT 7.0 Flight Test 7.0 Day One

Flight Test 7.0 Do Now Tuesday, 14 FEB 17 Materials – pick up Group Mylar balloons Propeller kit (one per group) Propeller; anchor; plastic straw; 3 or 4 rubber bands; threading string; tape One balsa wood stick per group Problem: Once you have neutral buoyancy, how do you get directional control? Safety – pick up safety eye wear Use the digital scale to determine the MASS of the propeller kit parts Ask for additional materials as needed/available. Flight Test 7.0 Day One

Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in Complete EW 6.0 (if necessary) Study for HTA Test Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in

Flight Test 7.2 Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0 Do Now Wednesday, 15 FEB 17 Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0 Update engineering worksheet: Current Unit – LTA Principle at Work –Directional control requires an application of both THRUST and DRAG Double check with group: Criteria for Success? Are you collecting data including units? Flight Test 7.2 Day Two

Review Unit Two – LTA Flight - Mini-Lessons H to K Five multiple choice questions Example: Lift is generated in an airship as a result of the INSIDE gas having a ______ density than the surrounding OUTSIDE atmosphere. Greater Lesser Equal No change One SHORT ANSWER Example: Explain Charles’ Law, and give an example of how it might affect a balloon’s flight. (Use diagrams to illustrate your answer.) Review Unit Two – Lighter Than Air (LTA) A complete answer will include: CHARLES’ LAW states that as the temperature of a gas increases, so does its volume, too. A balloon should fly better as the temperature of its lifting gas goes up because as volume increases, density decreases.

Mini-Lesson H: Lighter-than-Air (LTA) Introduction Lighter-than-Air flight is based on principles of AEROSTATICS Balloons are the earliest machines invented capable of manned flight (1783) Lift is generated by a of DIFFERENCE in DENSITY between gases Warm air is less dense than cold air – hot air is MUCH less dense than cold air Certain gases – Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) are naturally less dense than the surrounding Nitrogen (N) atmosphere Balloon - shape due to internal air pressure; does not have means for thrust (depend upon wind for direction) Blimp - shape due to internal air pressure; has a means for thrust and directional control Dirigible - shape due to internal structure; has thrust and directional control. Goodyear's Latest Airship

Mini-Lesson I: LTA Fundamentals Measurements and calculations will be in metric. Mass (grams, g); Linear distance (centimeters, cm); Volume (liters, l, and cubic centimeters, cm3 or cc) Density is the key measurement in understanding LTA flight – if the density of the gas INSIDE the aircraft is significantly lower than the density of the atmosphere OUTSIDE the aircraft, the aircraft will have lift. Density = mass/volume. LTA aircraft can be thought of in three basic shapes: rectangular cubes (“boxes”), cylinders (“tubes”) and spheres (“balls”) The volume of a rectangular cube (“box”) = length x width x height. (l x w x h) The volume of a cylinder (“tube”) = πr2h, where “h” is the height (or length) of the cylinder, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the cylinder The volume of a sphere (“ball”) is: 4/3πr3, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the sphere. Notice that the shape of the USS Los Angeles approximates a cylinder…a very, very BIG cylinder.

Volume Applications Estimating Volume (1) Rectangular cube (“box”) = length x width x height. (l x w x h) Round data to largest whole numbers Do multiplication Add “zeros” and units Example: l = 23 m, w = 43 m, h = 56 m 20 x 40 x 50 2 x 4 x 5 = 40 40,000 m3 Volume Applications LTA Unit Review

Volume Applications Estimating Volume (2) Cylinder (“tube”) = πr2h, where “h” is the height (or length) of the cylinder, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the cylinder Round data to largest whole numbers Do multiplication Add “zeros” and units Example: π = 3.14 (3), r = 7.3 m, h = 42 m 3 x 72 (49) x 40 3 x 5 x 4 = 60 6000 m3 Volume Applications LTA Unit Review

Volume Applications Estimating Volume (3) Sphere (“ball”) is: 4/3πr3, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the sphere. Round data to largest whole numbers Do multiplication Add “zeros” and units Example: 4/3 = 1.3, π = 3.14 (3), r = 1.7 m 1.3 (1) x 3.14 (3) x 23 1 x 3 x 8 = 24 24 m3 Volume Applications LTA Unit Review

Mini-Lesson J: Helium vs. Hydrogen Certain gases – Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) are naturally less dense than the surrounding Nitrogen (N) atmosphere Hydrogen is VERY chemically reactive (combustible). Helium is completely chemically non-reactive (does NOT burn or explode) Airship designers often conservatively estimate helium’s lift at 27.2 kgs per 28.3 m3 and hydrogen’s lift at 38.4 kgs per 28.3 m3.

Mini-Lesson K: Three Gas Laws Boyle's Law: The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. When the VOLUME gets smaller, the PRESSURE gets higher Charles' Law: the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature. When the TEMPERATURE gets higher, the VOLUME gets higher Gay-Lussac's Law: The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure. When the TEMPERATURE gets higher, the PRESSURE gets higher

Flight Test 7.2 Do Now Wednesday, 15 FEB 17 Materials – pick up Group Mylar balloons Propeller kit (one per group) Propeller; anchor; plastic straw; 3 or 4 rubber bands; threading string; tape One balsa wood stick per group Problem: Once you have neutral buoyancy, how do you get directional control? Safety – pick up safety eye wear Use the digital scale to determine the MASS of the propeller kit parts Ask for additional materials as needed/available. Flight Test 7.2 Day Two

Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in Work on FT 7.0 (if necessary) Study for HTA Test Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in

Flight Test 7.3 Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0 Do Now Thursday, 16 FEB 17 Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0 Update engineering worksheet: Have you collected your data from yesterday? What are you changing to improve performance Double check with group: Criteria for Success? Are you collecting data including units? Flight Test 7.3 Day Three

Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in Complete EW 7.0 (if necessary) Study for HTA Test Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in

Do Now 17 FEB 17 Turn-in EW for Flight Test 7.0 (FT 7.0) if you haven’t already done so Take out a pencil Pick-up a test blind for Unit 2 Test Clear desktop

After Completing the Unit 2 Test 17 FEB 17 Put away the test blind Finish any MISSING Flight Tests (FT 6.0 and 7.0) Quiet Study Hall afterwards Personal devices may be used for music (ONLY)

Clean-up All materials turned in Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in