Infinitives ESL 11B

Infinitives Overview Maria tries to kick the ball. She wants to score five goals. She hopes to win the game!

Infinitives Overview To form an infinitive, use ‘to’ + simple form of the verb Jennifer hopes to get an ‘A’. to win the game. to graduate college in 2017.

Infinitives Overview Like gerunds, infinitives act like nouns, not verbs. It is often the object of a verb. I want pizza. I want it. I want to eat. Infinitives are like nouns!

Infinitives Overview Infinitives can be a single verb or a verb phrase: I want to eat. I want to eat out tonight.

Infinitives Overview Put a ‘not’ before an infinitive to make it negative. I expect to move soon. I expect not to move soon.

With your partner, do Exercise 1. Let’s try it! With your partner, do Exercise 1.

Verb + Infinitive More than one Infinitive in a sentence: Do you want to sweep or to vacuum? Do you want to sweep or vacuum? You may omit the second ‘to’.

Let’s try it! With your partner, do Exercise 2, and try your best with Exercise 3 (complete the chart).

Verb + Object + Infinitive Some verbs are followed by an object + infinitive. The object can be a noun or pronoun. Sue taught Max to sit. She told Max to sit.

Verb + Object + Infinitive With want, need, and would like and some other verbs, the meaning can change if we add an object. I want to go swimming. I want Sammy to go swimming. She needs to cook lunch. She needs you to cook lunch. He would like to have dessert. He would like you to have dessert.

With your partner, do Exercise 4. Let’s try it! With your partner, do Exercise 4.

Gerund or Infinitive after begin, start, and continue have same meaning I began to cry during the movie. I began crying during the movie. I started to eat my sandwich. I started eating my sandwich. She continued to do well in her classes. She continued doing well in her classes. same meaning same meaning same meaning

Gerund or Infinitive after like, love, hate, prefer can have same or different meaning I prefer eating hotdogs over hamburgers. I prefer to eat hotdogs over hamburgers. I prefer playing tennis. (gerunds often for general activities) I prefer to play tennis at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (infinitives often for one specific occasion, especially in the future) same meaning different meaning

Gerund or Infinitive? A trick that sometimes works :) Gerunds: The gerund happens first, then the verb happens second. I appreciate living by the beach. (First you live, then you appreciate.) I finished watering the garden. (First you water, then you finish.)

Gerund or Infinitive? A trick that sometimes works :) Infinitives: The verb happens first, then the infinitive happens second. He wants to come skating with us. (First you want, then you come.) He asked me to marry him. (First you asked, then she married.)

Gerund or Infinitive after remember, forget, stop, and regret have different meanings Infinitive Gerund I remembered to mail the letter. I remembered mailing the letter. (First I remembered. Then I mailed the letter.) (First I mailed the letter. Then I remembered it.) I forgot* to go there. I’ll never* forget going there. (First I forgot, so I didn’t go there.) (First I went there. Now I’ll never forget it.) * ‘Forget’ is most common with infinitives. * ‘Never + forget’ is often used with the gerund.

Gerund or Infinitive after remember, forget, stop, and regret have different meanings Infinitive Gerund I stopped to smoke. I stopped smoking. (First I stopped what I was doing. Then I smoked.) (First I was a smoker. Then I stopped.) I regret to tell you that... I’ll regret telling you that… (First I regretted it. Then I told you that…) (First I told you something. Then I regretted it.)

Gerund or Infinitive after try may have same or different meanings He made the call: I tried to call you, but you weren’t home. I tried calling you but you weren’t home. Unsuccessful attempt: I tried to take some aspirin for the pain, but I couldn’t open the bottle. Experiment: I tried taking some aspirin for the pain, but it didn’t help. same meaning different meaning

It...+ Infinitive It Subject Be + Adjective Infinitive It is difficult to drive home in bad weather. It = to drive home in bad weather It Subject Verb Infinitive It takes an hour to drive home in bad weather.

With your partner, do Exercise 7. Give it a try! With your partner, do Exercise 7.

It... + Infinitive An It subject has the same meaning as the infinitive it replaces: It is difficult to learn Chinese. (It = to learn Chinese.) It…+ infinitive sentences have the same meaning as similar sentences with subject gerunds: It takes an hour to drive home. Driving home takes an hour. Some groups of verbs and phrases can follow it in It…+ infinitive sentences. It is too heavy to lift. It costs a lot to fly to Asia. It looks too heavy to lift. It takes twelve hours to get there.

With your partner, do Exercises 8 and 9. Try it out! With your partner, do Exercises 8 and 9.

Infinitives of Purpose Used to say WHY we do something. Verb + infinitive I went to the store to buy milk. Use ‘in order’ before the infinitive to add variety and formality. I went to the store in order to buy milk. Aways include “in order” when the purpose is negative. We were speaking quietly in order not to wake up Mr. Smith

Infinitives of Purpose Use an infinitive to give a short answer to a WHY question: Question: Short answer: Why did you go to the store? To buy milk. To get to the other side.

With your partner, do Exercises 10, 11, and 12. Give it a try! With your partner, do Exercises 10, 11, and 12.

Too or Enough + Infinitive ‘Too’ means more than you need. too much milk ‘Enough’ means the right amount. enough milk

Too or Enough + Infinitive ‘Too’ comes before the adjective/adverb too + adjective/adverb + infinitive It’s too hot to go outside. She’s too young to drive. ‘Too much’ and ‘Too many’ before the noun too much/many + noun + infinitive I can’t go. I have too much homework to do tonight. There are too many cookies for me to eat.

Too or Enough + Infinitive ‘Enough’ comes after the adjective/adverb adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive He’s smart enough to pass. She yelled loudly enough to wake the neighbors. ‘Enough’ comes before the noun (direct object) enough + noun + infinitive We don’t have enough money to go on vacation.

With your partner, do Exercises 13 and 14. You’re almost done! With your partner, do Exercises 13 and 14.