Gerunds and infinitives

INFINITIVE with to is used… to express purpose (answering the question WHY?)  I’m saving up to buy a present for my sister.  She’s going to the gym to lose weight.

INFINITIVE with to is used… after some adjectives surprised, delighted, disappointed, easy, happy, important, lucky, necessary, normal, possible I was delighted to hear she finally got the job. It is normal to feel nervous before an exam. It is easy to find a parking spot at this time of the day.

INFINITIVE with to is used…  after certain verbs agree, afford, appear, arrange, ask, choose, decide, deserve, expect, help, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, need, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, would like, want:  He decided to stay for some more days.  She refused to go to the new dentist.  They deserve to win the competition.

INFINITIVE with TOO and ENOUGH too + adjective + infinitive She is too young to vote. Adjective + enough + infinitive They are old enough to vote.

Use the INFINITIVE without TO… (bare infinitive) After modal verbs She may be clever but she is mot very friendly With some other verbs like make and let Javier made Pablo cry Let me know if you don’t understand

GERUND is used…  as the subject or complement of a clause or sentence Smoking makes me feel dizzy. My favourite sport is swimming.

GERUND is used…  after prepositions She’s not interested in getting married. I’m not very good at driving.

GERUND is used… verbs expressing likes and dislikes: Like, love, adore, hate, detest, dislike, enjoy, prefer and after certain verbs: Admit, advise, suggest, finish, imagine, involve, mind, stop, be worth

GERUND is used… …after these common expressions Be used to Feel like Get used to Can’t help Can’t stand Adapt to Feel like It’s no use Keep on Look forward to

Verbs followed by either the gerund or the infinitive Like, love, hate, prefer are usually followed by the gerund. However, the infinitive is also possible. I love to sunbathe/sunbathing Begin, start, continue, intend are followed by the gerund or infinitve with no change in meaning: When I arrived it started to rain/raining.

Verbs followed by either the gerund or the infinitive with a change of meaning: forget remember regret stop

Remember and forget I still remember buying my first bike. I’ll never forget meeting the Queen. They look back at the past, at things one did

I still remember when I bought my first bike

I’ll never forget when I met the Queen

What about these? You must remember to pick up Mrs Lewis from the station. Don’t forget to buy some milk. They look forward in time, at things one still has to do

You must remember that you have to fetch Mrs Lewis from the station.

Don’t forget that you have to buy some milk

A. I remember feeding the cat. B. I must remember to feed the cat. A B

I must remember to feed the cat I remember feeding the cat (after school, when we still lived in the countryside). I must remember to feed the cat (before we leave.)

1. I’ll never forget seeing U2 in concert. 2. Don’t forget to phone me if you need any help. Which form is used “to recall a previous action”? Which form is used “to remember what you have to do”?

1. I’ll never forget seeing U2 in concert. 2. Don’t forget to phone me if you need any help. Which form is used “to recall a previous action”? the gerund Which form is used “to remember what you have to do”? the infinitive

Regret I regret leaving school at 14 – It was a great mistake. It looks back at the past, at something you are sorry that you did = I wish .... ...I hadn’t left school

Regret We regret to inform passengers that the 14.50 train is one hour late. It is used in announcements of bad news

1. I regret seeing that film, it was so boring! 2. We regret to inform you that we are unable to repair your car. Which sentence means that “you are sorry for what you are going to say? Which sentence means “to be sorry for a previous action”?

1. I regret seeing that film, it was so boring! 2. We regret to inform you that we are unable to repair your car. Which sentence means that “you are sorry for what you are going to say? Number 2 = to infinitive Which sentence means “to be sorry for a previous action”? Number 1 = gerund

Stop I’ve stopped smoking. I stopped to smoke. B A

I’ve stopped smoking. I stopped to smoke.

Let’s practise! It's often hard to remember ………… vitamin pills. (TAKE)

Let’s practise! It's often hard to remember ………… vitamin pills. (TAKE) It's often hard to remember to take vitamin pills.

Let’s practise! I’ll never forget …………..Halloween with my grandparents when I was a child. (CELEBRATE)

Let’s practise! I’ll never forget …………..Halloween with my grandparents when I was a child. (CELEBRATE) I’ll never forget celebrating Halloween with my grandparents when I was a child.

Let’s practise! I have always regretted ………. up my piano lessons.(GIVE)

Let’s practise! I have always regretted ………. up my piano lessons.(GIVE) I have always regretted giving up my piano lessons

Let’s practise! The management regrets ………. you that your contract will not be renewed next month. (INFORM)

Let’s practise! The management regrets ……….you that your contract will not be renewed next month. (INFORM) The management regrets to inform you that your contract will not be renewed next month.

He was accused of murdering / to murder his boss

He was accused of murdering his boss

The thieves managed escaping/ to escape.

The thieves managed to escape.

Kidnap / Kidnapping is a serious crime

Kidnapping is a serious crime.

It’s difficult to learn / learning a language.

It’s difficult to learn a language.

I don’t mind to pay / paying for the damage.

I don’t mind paying for the damage.

A Why did she leave the party early A Why did she leave the party early? B Catching / To catch the last train.

A Why did she leave the party early? B To catch the last train.

Let’s work a bit further!

1 I enjoy to swim 2 I enjoy swimming. Which is correct ?

1 I enjoy to swim 2 I enjoy swimming.  Which is correct ?

1 I want to study 2 I want studying Which is correct ?

1 I want to study  2 I want studying Which is correct ?

1 I finished eating 2 I finished to eat Which is correct ?

1 I finished eating  2 I finished to eat Which is correct ?

1 I need to go shopping 2 I need going shopping Which is correct ?

1 I need to go shopping  2 I need going shopping Which is correct ?

1 I hope seeing you soon 2 I hope to see you soon Which is correct ?

1 I hope seeing you soon 2 I hope to see you soon  Which is correct ?

1 I stopped to smoke 2 I stopped smoking Which is correct ?

1 I stopped to smoke  2 I stopped smoking  Which is correct ?

1 The city is planning to increase the budget. 2 The city is planning increasing the budget. Which is correct ?

1 The city is planning to increase the budget.  1 The city is planning to increase the budget. 2 The city is planning increasing the budget. Which is correct ?

1 The doctor advised his patient to do more exercise 2 The doctor advised his patient doing more exercise Which is correct ?

1 The doctor advised his patient to do more exercise  1 The doctor advised his patient to do more exercise 2 The doctor advised his patient doing more exercise Which is correct ?

1 They were surprised to find their son still in bed 2 They were surprised finding their son still in bed Which is correct ?

1 They were surprised to find their son still in bed  2 They were surprised finding their son still in bed Which is correct ?

1 The teacher suggested reading books regularly 2 The teacher suggested to read books regularly Which is correct ?

 1 The teacher suggested reading books regularly 2 The teacher suggested to read books regularly Which is correct ?

1 We are getting used to live in our new house 2 We are getting used to living in our new house Which is correct ?

 1 We are getting used to live in our new house 2 We are getting used to living in our new house Which is correct ?

You can find a list of verb patterns on page 164 of your book.

___ TO GO ____ GO ___ GOING choose can enjoy decide hate let (me) expect love make (me) manage (don’t) mind may need stop might plan must promise should refuse want would like

________ on your own can be dangerous late at night (walk)

________ on your own can be dangerous late at night (walk) Walking

He can’t afford _________ the fine (pay)

He can’t afford _________ the fine (pay) to pay

After_________ in prison for 20 years he found it very hard to adapt to _________ in the real world. (be, live)

After in prison for 20 years he found it very hard to adapt to _________ in the real world (be, live) being living

The police accused me of_____________ at a red light. (not stop)

The police accused me of at a red light. (not stop) not stopping

I went to the library ___________ a book. (borrow)

I went to the library ___________ a book. (borrow) to borrow

It’s definitely worth ___________ your bike. (insure) insuring

It’s definitely worth ___________ your bike. (insure)

It’s important _________ your doors and windows before you go on holiday. (lock)

It’s important _________ your doors and windows before you go on holiday. (lock) to lock

Psychologists think that _________ violent videos makes some children become interested in ____________ crimes. (watch, commit)

Psychologists think that _________ violent videos makes some children become interested in ____________ crimes. (watch, commit) watching committing

You shouldn’t _______ her the truth. (tell)

You shouldn’t _______ her the truth. (tell)

He’s looking forward to __________ out of prison. (come)

He’s looking forward to __________ out of prison. (come) coming