You will cover…

Discuss… What are the benefits of using ICT systems for Businesses?

Research your allocated organisation – how do they use ICT Research your allocated organisation – how do they use ICT? (Due: next Thursday) Bank – Samir, Naim, Mushahid, Ryan School – Fahimul, Nawaz, Zahir, Sylvain Supermarket – Ashik, Ibrahim, Dayna, Casian E-commerce - Isaac, Ravinder, Ismail Police – Lulu, Faiq, Abdullah, Umar

What ICT can provide? (6 main points) Fast, repetitive processing Can perform calculations very quickly Useful for large volumes of data Animations for films Vast storage capacity Need much less physical space Data can be shared more easily (shared DB / attachments) Improved search facilities Search and combine data very quickly E.g. doctors surgery – match symptoms to illness and suggest medicine Improved presentation of information (output) Animations podcasts Computer generated special effects E.g. Election forecasting / weather Improved accessibility of information & services Available 24/7 6. Improved security of data and processes Software Hardware procedures

Is the use of ICT systems always appropriate? The limitations in what ICT systems can be used for More expensive to solve using ICT Many things that humans can do better than computers Understanding speech Recognising faces Using opinions (e.g. weather forecasting) Podcast – watching again and again doesn’t mean you will understand The limitation in the quality of information produced by ICT systems Only as good as the data we put in Not all errors can be picked up validation Processing are rules, created by humans Not possible to test every aspect of a system ICT cannot model opinions, only value judgements (Codes) The limitations of the appropriateness of solutions not the best way at times Only small amount of data to be handled, is it worth using ICT to process? When is a personal touch more appropriate? NHS Direct Online

Home Learning Discuss the advantages and limitations of using ICT systems for organisations. Give examples from case studies. (20 marks) Due Thursday!

Working Pairs Ravinder – Ryan Lulu – Ismail Ibrahim – Casian Nawaz – Isaac Samir – Naim Fahimul – Faiq Ashik – Umar Mushahid – Dayna Abdullah – Zahir - Sylvain

Is the use of ICT systems always appropriate? Use the A3 sheet make a mindmap with notes on the limitations of using ICT systems: Hardware limitations Communications limitations Software limitations Legislation limitations Existing systems limitations Design limitations Can you think of an example of a situation where an ICT system would not be appropriate – give a reason… E.g. an artist sketching a plan for a new house while talking to the owners before the architectural design.

ICT Benefits & Limitations What do computers do well? They can perform calculations very quickly. They can improve the presentation of work. They can search for data very rapidly using various search criteria. They can perform repetitive operations effectively and free people from having to do them, for example the production of utility bills. What do computers do less well? They cannot give advice to users who are making online purchases. They cannot carry out medical diagnosis on their own but have to be supplemented by human expertise (See Fig 15.1 in Section 15). They cannot spot errors in, for example, the logic behind a spreadsheet formula. (They can spot errors of syntax, though.) They cannot spot errors in data entry. Validation cannot ensure that data is actually true.

Is the use of ICT systems always appropriate? The limitations in what ICT systems can be used for The limitation in the quality of information produced by ICT systems The limitations of the appropriateness of solutions Create a poster to explain each of the points listed above. Save the poster with your name in the “limitations of ICT poster” folder in homework post

There are 3 main types of processing that are used in ICT systems. Each is used under different circumstances depending on the processing taking place and the availability and cost of the processing. This presentation differentiates between ICT professional and end users. 11

Processing data Types of processing: Batch processing Transaction processing Interactive/real time processing Your notes should include: Explanation of terms Examples of use Advantages Disadvantages Thursday and Friday – past exam questions on types of processing.

Batch processing This occurs when hundreds or thousands of similar outputs are produced at once, usually at regular intervals. Data is collected together in a group (batch) before processing takes place Suitable when processing is not real time dependent Can you think of some examples? Payroll slips Electricity bills

Batch processing Utility bills Data can be sent in from the customer’s own reading. Or collected by a meter reader using a keypad.

Batch processing The data from customers is collected together in a transaction file. It is sorted in order of customer number. When the batch is processed, the transaction file updates the master file with the new meter reading, calculates how much energy was used and how much to charge the customer. Customer bills are produced and sent out at the same time – this is batch processing.

Transaction processing In transaction processing, each transaction is completed at that time, for example, drawing money from an ATM. Allows many users to access & update a system at apparently the same time Each transaction must be completed before the next transaction is begun Can you think of some more examples? Theatre booking Purchasing online

Transaction processing Theatre booking Purchasing online

Examination question Explain the type of processing that would be suitable for each of the following ICT systems. Monthly payroll (2 marks) Cinema ticket booking (2 marks) Note that the question asks you to explain – this means that you have to say why the type of processing you have chosen is suitable. Click here to see the answers from the mark scheme or here to skip them.

Answers to examination question Explain the type of processing that would be suitable for each of the following ICT systems. Monthly payroll (2 marks) Cinema ticket booking (2 marks) Batch processing (1) because the output is only required monthly (1) Transaction processing (1) to prevent double bookings (1)

Summary Batch – repetitive, for example payroll Transaction – individual processing, completed on demand, for example theatre bookings

Interactive processing Interaction (dialogue) between you and the computer The user reacts to prompts from the computer And the computer uses these prompts to process data Example: A student queries their record in the college library database to see if they have exceeded the maximum number of books they can take out. The reply appears on the screen: which means they know if they can take out any more books This presentation differentiates between ICT professional and end users. 21

Interactive processing This one should be obvious – but is not. As soon as you click Save the process is carried out.

Interactive processing What other examples can you think of where processing is instantaneous? Travel agents’ booking systems* Stock checking in a catalogue store Computer games *How is this different from a cinema booking system?

Transaction and interactive processing The cinema booking system usually involves just one cinema. The travel agents' system must cope with information from lots of different holiday providers, which are also being accessed by other travel agents.

Interactive processing This system allows customers to check whether the goods they want are in stock. When they enter the item number they wish to purchase, the system will immediately tell them whether the item is available.

Summary Batch – repetitive, for example payroll Transaction – individual processing, completed on demand, for example theatre bookings Interactive – immediate response, for example customer in-store stock check