THE EVOLUTION OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY COLBOURNE COLLEGE PRESENTED BY SADEKE SMITH

OUTLINE Define tourism Explain the tourism system Identify types of tourism Explain why people travel Examine the factors that stimulate travel

WHAT IS TOURISM?

DEFINING TOURISM - Halloway, 1998, The Business of Tourism, pp. 1-2 The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel & stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity - Halloway, 1998, The Business of Tourism, pp. 1-2

DEFINING TOURISM The Tourism Society in Britain describes tourism “in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. They may or may not involve overnight stay away from home” (cited in Halloway, The Business of Tourism, p. 2)

DEFINING TOURISM Jafari,Jafari,1977 also defines tourism as: “the study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host socio-cultural, economic and physical environment.”

DEFINING TOURISM Leiper (1981) also defines tourism as “an open system of five elements interaction with broader environments, the human element, tourists; three geographical elements: generating region, transit routes and destination region; an economic element, the tourist industry.”

THE TOURISM SYSTEM

THE TOURISM SYSTEM Comprises: tourists generating region transit routes destination region the tourist industry

The Tourist Domestic; Regional; International; Long haul; Short haul; Inbound; Outbound;

Generating Regions This is the point from where the potential tourists are coming into a region. Major expenditure occurs here The region loses inhabitants temporarily New tastes and desires are taken into the region

Transit Routes The path that the visitor has to take to get to the destination. This is dependent on the mode of transportation that is being used – air, land or sea. The transit route may be a country, a town or the open seas. A transit route may become a tourism destination.

Destination Region The place to which the visitors are attracted. This area should possess features that can sustain the interest of the visitors. the development of a destination is influenced by factors outside of the destination e.g. transportation technology.

The Tourist Industry These include: attractions, accommodation, food & beverage, tourism services, the travel trade, transportation, events and conferences, and adventure tourism.

TYPES OF TOURISM

CONVENTIONAL MASS TOURISM Focus: Three Ss To North to South Large numbers Has distinct peak seasons Ownership - foreign-based

Low levels of local involvement in the planning and management Locals employed primarily in the semi-skilled and un- skilled categories

Tourists are primarily price sensitive – package tours Example: cruise tourism, resort-based/beach tourism

Characteristics ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF TOURISM It attempts to protect, conserve and enhance the quality of the environment. It answers the question of who benefits by fostering development that complement local attributes

It minimises impact on the environment It promotes smaller scale of development Examples – eco-tourism, community tourism, special events tourism

WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL?

WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Travel for physical activities such as: Play Rest and relaxation Pleasure seeking

WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Movies Books Discussions Travel as a means of authenticating experiences and discovering new things from: Movies Books Discussions Curiosity is the main motivator here.

WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? To become reacquainted with persons e.g. VFR; Travel for interpersonal reasons: To become reacquainted with persons e.g. VFR; person may also travel to meet other people with similar interests and desires.

WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Travel for cultural reasons: To discover new cultures – one of the most popular reasons to travel For religious reasons – pilgrimages, conventions To attend festivals – Food, Cultural etc.

WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Tourism often called neo- colonialism Travel as a form of imperialism: Tourism often called neo- colonialism Provides the ability to flaunt wealth Prestige and status important

WHO DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Travel to seek knowledge Attending universities abroad Travel to differentiate oneself for members of one’s social class Adopted from: http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/physed/research/peo ple/campbell/123120_2c.pdf

GENERAL FACTORS THAT STIMULATE TRAVEL

1. CULTURE Involves teaching and learning A body of learned behaviors common to a given human society Characteristics: Involves teaching and learning Norms/meanings are negotiated Constantly changing http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/culture- definition.html

ELEMENTS THAT SHAPE CULTURE Geography weather and climate; physical location; topography; vegetation Politics Contact

IMPACT OF CULTURE ON TRAVEL Determines rules for behaviour help to develop certain perceptions and attitudes influence how we evaluate the world Determines our level of satisfaction with a destination can cause difficulties in social interaction (Mills, Tourism System, pp. 244 – 245)

GENERAL FACTORS THAT STIMULATE TRAVEL 2. MOTIVATION - Factors that drive a persons to act in a particular manner. Motives may be seen as push or pull factors

2. MOTIVATION negative factors at home pressure from society Examples of push factors: negative factors at home pressure from society relaxation

2. MOTIVATION Climate – warm or cold Scenic beauty Examples of pull factors: Climate – warm or cold Scenic beauty Proximity to source market Attitudes of locals toward tourists Services offered at the destination Cost – access and local costs The level of risk at the destination

3. PERSONALITY Concerns characteristics inside people that explain why they do what they do (Hogan, 2000). Plog’s personality and destination choice model Psycho-centric Near psycho-centric Mid-centric Near Allocentric Allocentric

4. AGE rate of involvement declines The types of activities change too Young adults have a very high tendency to travel Older people will, however, travel farther; they seek quality, educational experiences than the young. (Mills, 2002)

5. INCOME Disposable income – is that money that is left over after taxes are paid Discretionary income – is the money that remains after taking care of personal expenses and needs Certain factors facilitate a higher disposable income – Education, Marriage, Age

6. LIFECYCLE STAGES Single, Married With No Children, Married With Infant Children Married With Young Children Married With Adolescent Children Older And Married

EFFECT OF TRAVEL ON THE INDIVIDUAL Travel is a voyage of discovery for the individual. He/she has to: Manage their resources Manage their time Manage their interactions – degree of contact Manoeuvre cultural values and norms Culture shocks Socio-cultural differences

EFFECT OF TRAVEL ON THE FAMILY Family travel: contributes to store of memory helps bring about cohesion teaches management of resources provides an education for the entire family

REFERENCE Holloway, Chris (1998). The Business of Tourism Leiper, Neil (1981). The Tourism System Mills, A. J. (2002). Culture of Tourism Jafari, Jafari. (1977). Celebrating & Enhancing Tourism. (http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/physed/res earch/people/campbell/123120_2c.pdf). (http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/to pics/culture/culture-definition.html).